Manifest Destiny Essay - 1119 Words

The United States of America has never been content with stagnation. The landmass of the Thirteen Colonies was enough to rival that of the Mother country from which they separated. The forefathers believed that it was the manifest destiny of this nation to eventually claim the expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. By 1890, nearly a hundred years following the original claim of Manifest Destiny, the land that was once open, was now under American control. But no sooner was the Great American Frontier closed, than was the door to East Asian expansion opened with the great gold key of American diplomacy. In a world where imperialism was contagious, and cartographers had to work around the clock to keep up with an ever-changing†¦show more content†¦This was the ultimate continuation that can be witnessed in the expansionism of early America and of later dates. Another great catalyst for expansion early on and then again in the late nineteenth century was a heightened sense of nationalism. This was a prevalent idea when the nation was young and a worldwide norm during the era of Taft and Roosevelt. In 1885, Josiah Strong penned the words, which were at the very heart of this sense of American power and intrinsic worth in his work Our Country: Its Possible Future and Potential Crisis. His thoughts concluded that the United States was a people of unequalled majesty and energy. His belief was that the United States was a people destined for nothing short of unsurpassed greatness. Those early expansionist philosophers of the United States would also share this sentiment. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Though the two periods of expansionism shared some very similar motives, there were undeniable differences, most specifically with regards to the world at the time of these two crusades. Thomas Nast illustrates beautifully the world of Taft and Roosevelt expansionism in â€Å"The World’s Plunders.† Illustrating the pillaging of the eastern hemisphere by the three dominate powers of Germany, Britain and Russia, inferences can be made to the fact that the world was literally being overrun by a healthy appetite for expansion. The United States of America was in the turmoil of Civil WarShow MoreRelatedEssay On Manifest Destiny1709 Words   |  7 Pagesone of many seminal events in the history of the United States. However, it began the debt we are still in today; the Louisiana Purchase gave us the land that began the Manifest Destiny. â€Å"The term Manifest Destiny originated in the 1840’s when John L. O’Sullivan said in an article that it was the American colonist’s Manifest Destiny to spread over the continent and that God had given them the land for the sole purpose of multiplying and free development.† (History.com staff). It was this philosophyRead MoreThe Manifest Destiny Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesfull swing by the 1840s. Which evidenced that the continued expansion of the states was an issue and the idea of a Manifest Destiny was of major importance. John L. O’Sullivan once stated, â€Å"Our Manifest Destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions† (America: A Narrative History). The idea of a Manifest Destiny originated in the 1840s by the Anglo-Saxon Colonists to expand their ideal civilization and institutions across NorthRead MoreManifest Destiny : Ideal Or Justification Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesManifest destiny: Ideal or Justification The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of U.S in 1803. But it is not enough for ambitious Americans, we are not satisfied, we wanted more territory. So western expansion did not end, it actually keep moved. Westward Expansion is a very significant part in U.S history. It operated perfectly based on the ideology called manifest destiny. However, the creation of this theory is on purpose. It was used to push U.S territory to further west. When the idea of manifestRead MoreManifest Destiny Is An American Philosophy Essay2281 Words   |  10 Pages Manifest Destiny is an American philosophy with which it is to justify how that country has understood their place in the world and how to relate to other people. It is a doctrine, phrase or idea that expresses the belief that the United States is destined to spread to the four winds as supports the idea that is, to expand on the territories conquered North America and, in general, on the Western Hemisphere. This doctrine was not free of racism, considering that the American people wereRead MoreManifest Destiny Research Paper :1382 Words   |  6 Pages2014 Manifest Destiny Research Paper: The 1840’S were years of unprecedented growth for United States; in a mere four years, the national domain more than doubled with an additional 1.2 million miles being added to the country. (PBS) This was due to a movement called Manifest Destiny that suggested that the United States was â€Å"destined† to stretch from coast, sea to shining sea, uninterrupted by anything or anyone. (History.com) However, complex and underlying motives guided Manifest Destiny advocatesRead MoreManifest Destiny And Westward Expansion Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pages1) OUTLINE: I. Topic sentence. Manifest destiny and westward expansion was a tremendous key component to the growth of the nation economically because of the impact it had on native americans, women empowerment, and expanding the population of the country. II. Significance of topic. Americans looked towards the western lands as an opportunity for large amounts of free land, for growth of industry, and pursue the manifest destiny. III. List of evidence related to topic. The railwaysRead MoreManifest Destiny: Term or Reality Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe three authors that describe Manifest destiny have very different beliefs but all use one person with vastly different views on Manifest Destiny and his beliefs on the term. The person that first used the term in any form of writing was John O’ Sullivan and is accredited with coining the phrase but much of this time had this strong belief in expanding the territory and states of the United States. Their views on this term were different because some believed that the United States should expandRead MoreExplain The Background, And Repercussions Of Manifest Destiny1956 Words   |  8 PagesExplain the background, and repercussions of, Manifest Destiny. In 1845, John O’Sullivan wrote an Article in the ‘United States Magazine and Democratic Review’ in favor of the annexation of Texas. In this article the term ‘Manifest Destiny’ was created. O’Sullivan wrote â€Å"the fulfilment of our Manifest Destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.† Thus supplying the American people with the idea that it was their God-givenRead MoreManifest Destiny, By John L. Sullivan1491 Words   |  6 PagesIt is hard to read anything about the history of the United States without coming across the term â€Å"Manifest Destiny†. Manifest Destiny is a term, which was first coined by John L. Sullivan in the summer 1845 issue of the Democratic Review. â€Å"Hence it was carried into the debate on the Oregon question in the House of Representatives and proved to be such a convenient summing up of the self-confident nationalist and expansionist sentiment of the time that it passed into the permanent national vocabularyRead MoreInsight about the Mexican War and the Manifest Destiny Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Mexican War and how did it begin? or What is Manifest Destiny and who came up with it? Those are all very good questions, so let me take the time to give you some insight about the Mexican war and Manifest Destiny. The Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from coast to coast. It was the concept that which heavily influenced American policy in the 1800s. Americans supported the manifest destiny because the Southerners wanted more land and Northerners

Kingdom By the Sea Free Essays

And loving young boy named Harry who Is a very Intelligent person who has to go through different situations and as he does we learn more and more about his character as it unfolds throughout the book. We learn that he can easily adapt to problematic situations and learn new and vital skills quickly and easily for his journey of survival. Harry lost absolutely everything after his house got bombed during World War Two. We will write a custom essay sample on Kingdom By the Sea or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through this we learn more and more about his character. As Harry was lying on the beach, a dog came up to him. Harry looked on the collar and the address read, 12 Lauderdale Terrace and the name read, Don. Lauderdale Terrace had been bombed about three weeks ago; the poor dog was in the same situation as Harry, homeless, nowhere to go. Harry has now got a companion to be with, he Is now no longer lonely. Harry relationship with Don shows us that Harry Is a caring person ready to help and Is not selfish. Harry and Don continued their journey of survival together and became closer and closer through the different situations they went through together. The obstacles that Harry encountered and his relationship with Don vastly affected his personality. As Harry lay on the beach thinking about what he would do for money he embedded his father’s voice, â€Å"Don’t flap around like a wet hen. Think! â€Å". Then he remembers he did have some money, 17 pounds and 10 shillings, in the Trustee Savings Bank. He came across a problem, where was the bankbook? He soon realized that it was In the attach © case he had been carrying around with him. He got the bankbook out of the case and soon felt terribly guilty, he was never allowed to look inside the case. Harry quickly grabbed his bankbook and slammed the case shut. This shows us that Harry respects his Mum and Dad even though they are dead. Harry is a respectful boy. Harry uses his money wisely so it will last him longer. This tells us that Harry is a wise person who is very cautious in making the money last. When Harry and Don spent a night in a farmer’s barn and the farmer attacked Harry in a vicious and inhumane way, Don bit the farmer to help Harry escape. This indicates Don’s undying love for Harry, which means they have developed a strong bond. When the farmer attempted to shoot Don with his shotgun, Harry retaliated and hit the farmer very hard on the back with a fence post. The farmer said â€Å"Christ, kid†¦ I think you’ve broken me back†. The farmer was In excruciating amounts of pain and was asking Harry to help him In a desperate manner. Harry turned his back and said â€Å"Get Lost†. This shows us a completely different aspect of Harry character, in defensive over Don, which indicates that they have formed a very strong relationship with each other. In order to survive Harry has to lie to other people because otherwise he will get caught and most likely be taken to an orphanage of some sort. Lying was not part of Harry character before the war but he had to forfeit some of his strong values to survive in this new world of mayhem. Earlier in the book when Harry was in the chip shop he had to lie to the man at the counter because if he had told him that he was homeless and did not have any parents, the shopkeeper would probably alert the police and Harry would be taken away. When he was in the chip shop he cried as well so he would gain sympathy from people around him. This is shown when a woman in the chip shop says â€Å"Leave the poor brain alone, for God’s sake, what’s he ever done to you, Jim†. This indicates that Harry is aware that anything that he says or does will affect him in a big way. It also shows that Harry plan is working and he’s on the right track. Even though his dad had told him not to cry or lie, tears and lies seemed to be the only things that were effective nowadays. Since the explosion Harry has had to learn independence and to mature quickly, he has applied skills that he had learned in school to look after himself. He used sand to clean his body and used salt to clean his teeth. This shows us that Harry listened in class time because he has been able to apply these simple survival strategies. It also indicates that Harry is aware that he has to keep his hygiene up to date so he will be accepted in the local towns, nobody liked a dirty, scruffy kid. Harry found himself in need if shelter. He was walking along the beach thinking hard when he found himself upon an upturned boat. He walked up to it and realized that it could be his new home for the meanwhile. This shows us that Harry was inventive and resourceful. Harry confidently befriends an adult, named Artier, who is part of the army. Harry and Artier become close friends however Harry still has to lie about his homeless status. Harry becomes popular amongst the beaches soldiers and then becomes the Sergeant’s errand boy. This tells us that Harry has grown in confidence, as he is able to develop bonds with the surrounding adults. The events since the explosion, have shaped Harry character in diverse ways. Harry has been forced to learn many new skills during his Journey of survival. He has developed valuable character traits through his strong bond with Don, he has had to mature quickly and become his own parent. Harry character is developed in various situations and learn new and vital skills for his Journey of survival. Harry is a very intelligent young boy and we find out more and more about him as the novel moves How to cite Kingdom By the Sea, Papers

Global Franchising Operations Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Global Franchising Operations Management? Answer: Introduction Guzman Y Gomez is a restaurant chain operating in Australia. The restaurant chain specializes in foods such as nachos, quesadillas, burritos and other traditional dishes. The model of the business is a franchise and it has more than 64 stores operating in Australia. The franchises also operate several outlets in Singapore and some in Japan. The company has an aggressive expansion strategy that has helped the company to expand in Australia over the years and also outside Australia. The first outlet was opened in the year 2006 in Newton, Sydney. Within a year of opening the first restaurant, two more followed closely with Bondi Junction and the Kings Cross branches opening. The first Guzman and Gomez branch in Melbourne was opened in the year 2012.The businesses strategic plan is to expand to all the major urban areas in Australia while at the same time expanding internationally. The local market has a lot of potential for growth and therefore, the company is dedicated to committing it s resources to enable expand. The aim of the expansion plan is to help increase the profit margins while at the same time growing their brand name. The company has five restaurants in Singapore which are performing extremely well. The restaurants are gaining a lot of customers in Singapore due to their specialization in Tex-Mex dishes. The business began with 15 staff in its Newtown and currently, it has more than 100 staff. The initial investment by the company was about $450,000. Currently, the business has annual revenues in excess of $4 million (Perritt, Henry 2016). This case study analyzes the history of the company, the ownership model and the strategies that the business has employed to become successful in the market. The case study report also identifies the Analysis of the literature review of Guzman Y Gomez In its expansion plan. The business needs to put into consideration the various factors that could have an impact on the business. The first idea is the changing in the form of business to make it a franchise. The factors such as the effect on the ownership forms and the financing method need to be discussed before making important financing decisions. Currently, Guzman and Gomez have been the fastest growing brand in Australia for the past one year. The restaurant serves Mexican food and it has an eye for good customer relationship and service. The literature review evaluates the mission and vision of Guzman and Gomez. The mission of the company is to become a global leading restaurant chain specializing in Mexican dishes. The vision of GYG is to expand and reach customers both locally and abroad while fulfilling the needs of consumers and giving customers value for their money. The literature review also signifies the importance of specialization in the growth of Guzman. The compan ys specialization in the Mexican dishes has helped GYG to cut a niche for itself in the competitive restaurant chain. The case study mainly focuses on the companies` expansion plans. The study analyzes the core factors that are important for the company to expand successfully. These factors are the potential of the new market, the marketing mix of the company, communication plan, promotion strategies and the resources available to finance the expansion. The management of the company intends to expand the company because of the increased demand it has witnessed from customers. The ability of the company to meet the needs of the customers has endeared it to many customers in different locations in Australia. The standards of service at the Guzman Y Gomez also make it an attractive restaurant for many customers who love Mexican dishes. Due to this demand, the ownership of the company saw it fit to adopt the franchise model in order to help reach the unexploited market. Failure to exploit this market may lead to competitors taking advantage of the gap and hence the company will lose an important investm ent opportunity. The franchisee model will allow a new strategic investor to inject capital into the business in exchange for a share of the company. The new capital will be used to open new branches for the company and hence reaching more customers and making the brand more popular. The management of the restaurant believes that there are two kinds of customers. The first type of customer is the one who prefers fresh guacamole and the second one is wrong (Ritzer, 2011). The restaurant aims at offering customers fresh food and of the best quality without compromising anything. This has been important in retaining existing customers and in attracting new customers. The literature review also explains the benefits of expanding the Guzman and Gomez. The main purpose of franchising the business is to help expand the geographical coverage of the company. The franchising is meant to help the company open many more branches in various locations locally and abroad. The expansion will also help the company to hire new personnel and hire more facilities to open up new branches. The other importance of expanding the business is that the business to increase its customer base. The increase in the number of customers will help the company to increase its sales volumes. This, in turn, will help to increase profits for the company. The expansion of Guzman and Gomez will help the company to expand its brand to other countries and the brand value of hence the company will become more valuable. The literature review also explains that the transformation of the business will give the company a solid financial base. This is important in ensuring the business impr oves standards and maintains a good liquidity position. The financial muscle will be useful in helping the company to take advantage of new opportunities that may arise (Plunkett, 2017). The relocation of the business to foreign countries will help the company to tap into the markets especially in South East Asia where the Mexican dishes may be popular. The literature review does not adequately address the costs that the expansion will incur to the business. The literature review in this section only discusses the positives that will come as a result of this expansion and fails to explain the disadvantages that may come as a result of the franchise. Guzman and Gomez need to analyze and weigh the decision to expand the business using franchising model. In order to evaluate this decision, it is important to use the business expansion strategies. These strategies aid in assessing the impact of each of the factors that may have an impact on the business. The strategies will help Guzman Y Gomez to access the risks that exist in this business. The strategies also help to identify the trends in this industry. In addition to these, the expansion strategies will aid the company in assessing the policies and legislation that are significant for this business to open new branches in other countries (Plunkett, 2007). Franchise agreements need to be carefully analyzed in order to help the owners get the best deal out of negotiations. Expansion of the business regionally poses a big challenge to the management since it requires a lot of dedication and traveling to ensure that the new branches are keeping up with the standards set by the compa ny (Allen Albala, 2007) The understanding of foreign markets may need Guzman Y Gomez to reach an agreement with partners who will help to make the operations of the company in the foreign countries. The policies and industry trends for Thailand, for instance, are not the same as those of Australia. It is therefore crucially important for Guzman Y Gomez to understand the complexities and the trends in the new country it is starting operations. This has to start with the company authorizing a market research to be carried out. The market research shall focus on the food and restaurant industry in general. This is important to help the company gain insight on the entire industry and understand know the competitors. Another study should be initiated with the aim of understanding the needs, tastes, and preferences of consumers. The consumers are becoming more and more complicated and therefore before venturing into the new market, it is important for the business to understand the consumer. The new markets may not be so much into Mexican dishes and therefore, It is very important for the business to understand what the consumer in the new market prefers. This will help the restaurant chain to offer services and products that are suitable for this market. To understand the legal requirements and handles in expanding to new countries, the restaurant chain needs to identify a legal company to help it in acquiring the right documentation to help start the business (Mcmurray clendon, 2011). In its expansion efforts, Guzman Y Gomez needs to identify ensure that they have ample supply of raw materials. The restaurant needs to identify potential suppliers who will supply them with the materials that are needed to start the business. For the sake of quality and standards, it is very crucial for the company to contract farmers who will be able to farm to and sell to the company at an agreed. The contracted farmer's agreement can be very helpful for the Guzman Y Gomez since it will help the company to ensure a constant supply of raw materials and hence assuring a constant supply of meals to the customer. Lacking reliable suppliers for the hotel industry can be very disastrous since it will result in a situation where the supply is less than the demand.(Chan Zakkour, 2014 )At the end of the day, customers will go back home dissatisfied and disappointed since they will not have fulfilled their needs. When this continues for a while, customers will run away and buy from other re staurants. The loss of customer loyalty leads to loss of revenue for the company and reduction of sales. This will also hurt the image and brand name of the company. The absence of a proper agreement with the suppliers who in this case are the farmers of farm produce required to prepare this meals may lead to a decline in the standards set by Guzman Y Gomez. The quality of the farm produce supplied may be poor and this may scare away customers and therefore the company will end up losing a lot of revenue. The literature review also discusses the benefits and reasons why Guzman Y Gomez is choosing the franchising model over other models that would have helped the company achieve its expansion plans. The author argues that the franchising model is the safest of all the options available. He argues that the model is free from any potential risks. Franchising model has benefits to both sellers and to the buyers of the franchise. The franchiser mainly benefits by getting financial assistance from another person, the franchise. Through this funding, the franchiser is able to expand his/her business and therefore increase their returns. The franchise model will also enable the company to initiate new training and employee development scheme. This will help to improve customer service and efficiency of employees. The selling power of Guzman Y Gomez will also be enhanced through the franchising agreement. The agreement will help to provide extra funds which can be used to market the brand name of the restaurant and the business. This, in turn, results in increased customers hence increase in sales. Some of the most successful franchising enterprises include McDonald`s and Panera Bread.(Alon,2012) Both of these companies operate in the fast food and restaurant industry. Despite the many benefits indicated on the franchising enterprise, there are many disadvantages of the franchising model. One of the disadvantages of the models is that it requires the company to use colors of the company it has entered into an agreement with. This means that the Independence of the brand will be interfered with and this may confuse customers. The franchising model will interfere with the profit and loss sharing margins. Even thou the franchise will help to grow the franchiser's business, the franchise needs to recover the invested money and this can only happen by them gaining a substantial portion of the profits generated over the years(Gagnon Gagnon, 2011). Another major shortcoming that is associated with the franchising model is that the franchise has the power to make decisions and is involved in the management of the business. In a case where the visions and ideas of the franchiser and the franchisee are not in line, the company may be mismanaged and this may lead to failure of the business. It is therefore very important for both parties to be in agreement to understand the goal s and objectives of one another in order to prevent failure of the business. There exist various different models of franchises for restaurant chains. These models include the fast casual, fast food and full service. The fast food model is also known as quick service restaurants which do not specialize in table service. Fast-casual is considered to be on between the full restaurant and the fast food restaurant and it may include cafes` and take-away hotels. The third model is the full service. These usually offer a complete selection of menus and also offer table service. The Guzman Y Gomez is under the full-service model where customers have to make choices on the dishes and also have table service. The expansion of Guzman Y Gomez will also be very appropriate through the franchise model since the model will give the franchiser to focus on products and research on the market and hence help to meet the needs of the customers better. The ownership of the restaurant chain does not change and therefore, the franchiser will remain motivated to become successful and to increase the profit margins. It is advantageous for Guzman Y Gomez to seek a franchise since the franchisees will help the business to expand at a fast rate. The fast expansion of the business leads to an increased customer base and increased revenues (Perritt Henry, 2016). In a case where the company decides to expand on its own effort, it may take very many years for the company to expand beyond the boundaries and this leads to loss of opportunities and revenue. Since there is a lot of competition in the market, it is very necessary for the company to adopt an expansion strategy to help the company become the market leader before the competitors take over the market. Market leadership in this niche market will help Guzman Y Gomez to have a competitive advantage over its rivals, the competitive advantage may be in form of financial resources or human resources as well as experience in the market. The financial resource advantage can be helpful to the company to help it begin differentiated products and services which the competitors are not able to finance. The company can also attract and recruit highly qualified and experienced staff who will contribute significantly to the growth of the company. The literature review on Guzman Y Gomez does not clearly explain the marketing plans that the company has in order to ensure that the expansion is met with enthusiasm from customers. The review also fails to identify Analysis of competitors Guzman Y Gomez (GYG) is a fast food chain of restaurants specializing in Australian dishes. The restaurant chain has taken Australia by storm and everyone is excited about the products of the company as well as the services it offers. The company is about to become one of the most popular takeaway outlets in Australia. The company is operating in an industry where there are many competitors. The competitors include direct and indirect competitors. The main competitors of GYG are the popular fast food joints such as MacDonald`s, Pizza Hut Australia, Subway and Yum restaurants Australia (Jou, 2017). Thou MacDonald`s does in not specialize in Mexican dishes, it is seen as the main competitors to GYG since they are both in the fast food industry and the products offered to customers are almost similar. This section will, therefore, analyze MacDonald`s as the main competitor of GYG. The section analyzes the products that the competitors offer and how these products relate with those of GY G. It also evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the competitor in order to identify their competitive advantage. This also helps to understand the weaknesses of the competitors which can be taken advantage of by GYG and exploited to become good business opportunities for the company (Pilcher,2014). This section also identifies the trends in this industry as well as the industry drivers in the fast food industry in Australia. History of the company MacDonald`s is a fast food company which was formed in the USA in the year 1940. It was operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald in California. The company grew in the USA and later expanded to other countries such as Australia. Currently, MacDonald`s Australia is the market leader in the fast food market in Australia. The company has grown over the years to the point of almost dominating the fast food market in Australia. Over the past few years, competition has been increasing from companies such as GYG, subway, and Dominos Products offered by McDonald`s MacDonald`s has a wide range of products and brands. Some of these brands include; Hamburgers, chicken, French fries, soft drinks, salads, desserts, coffee, breakfast, and milkshakes. The company has a wide product portfolio which helps to increase its revenue. MacDonald`s has received a lot of criticism from consumers and other stakeholders due to the unhealthy nature of its products (Walker, 2008). This criticism resulted in a change in McDonald`s strategy and the company introduced new products such as fish, salads and fruits. Business model Most of McDonald`s restaurants are operated by a franchisee. The company owns all the land on which the restaurants are located. Most of the companys revenue in Australia comes from rental payments from franchisees. The company also has a few outlets that are operated and directly managed by the company itself. Strengths and weaknesses of MacDonald`s Australia Just like every company, MacDonald`s has many strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of the company are the factors that have given the company a competitive advantage hence helping the company to become competitive over all those years. The weaknesses are the challenges that the business is facing or the loopholes which can be corrected to make the company competitive. One of the biggest strength of MacDonald`s is that it is the second biggest chain of fast food restaurants in the world. The company operates more than 36,000 restaurants globally including franchised outlets. The company operates in more than 120 countries globally (Hayes Laudan, 2009). This helps to give the company a competitive advantage over the competitors. This is because the company is able to obtain revenue from different streams and in case one of the outlets s not performing well, this can be offset by the good performance of the other restaurants. The location of the restaurants across many locations helps McDonald`s to spread risk and to reach a higher number of customers. McDonald`s records the highest yearly sales. In the 2017 financial records, the company announced sales revenue of US$24.622 billion. Due to the huge size of the business, McDonald`s is able to enjoy economies of scale. When this is compared to the size of GYG, McDonald is a very big giant in the industry. The fixed costs of the company are shared across all the branches that it operates hence helping to minimize costs for the company. Another strength of McDonald`s is that the company has operated since 1940 and hence has over 70 years of experience in this industry. GYG has been in operation for barely 11 years now. The long stay in the industry helps the company to understand the industry trends and tricks and hence be able to manage risks better and to design more effective strategies (Best, 2017). McDonald`s has a capacity to attract more skilled and highly qualified employees compared to its rivals such as GYG. This is because the companies` brand is more attractive and recognized and they have better remuneration terms than many other competitors in the industry. MacDonald`s can also use its market power over suppliers to influence them to reduce price which helps the company to reduce the costs of production. This can be transferred to the final consumer and the companys products are cheaper and affordable to the customer hence attracting more customers. Another strength that McDonald`s possesses that makes it enjoy a competitive advantage over rivals is that the company is the most recognizable brand internationally. In the year 2015, McDonald`s was ranked as the 9th most valuable brand globally by Forbes magazine (Best, 2017). The brand awareness helps in the introduction of new products to existing and new customers. Despite the many strengths indicated of the business, there are also various weaknesses of McDonald`s. The biggest weakness is that the companys products are viewed mostly as unhealthy and therefore customers are being cautious on what they consume. The increasing health concern for customers has brought about a decline in companies` sales. The market share of McDonald`s has been declining in the recent past. This has been mainly due to their unhealthy products or due to increased competition from companies such as KFC GYG and Subway (Dempster, 2010). This stiff competition has eaten into the market share of McDonald`s. There has been a challenge of disgruntled franchisees. The challenge has been brought about due to the tough restrictions and conditions put by the company while negotiating the deals. The franchisees are dissatisfied because they are not able to gain the profit share they targeted. The new product development has been very slow in McDonald`s. The company has introduced very few new products with products like salads being introduced just recently due to pressure from various stakeholders. This has really affected the standing of the company in the industry which is becoming ever competitive by the day. McDonald`s has an opportunity to expand even further and exploit new emerging markets such as China and India. The company also has an opportunity to enter into Joint Venture with retailers like supermarkets. This would help in distribution of the companies` products. There is the need and opportunity for the company to respond to social change through innovation. The company should focus on developing products that are healthier and change the positioning of the company in the industry. There is an opportunity for the company to use CRM and database marketing in order to market more accurately to the desired target group. This will help the company to reduce the costs of marketing. There is a threat of the industry becoming mature soon rather than later. This, therefore, means that the declining stage is about to begin and it will be characterized by decreasing sales and declining profit margins. The threat of competition is also very huge and real. Smaller companies` have become even more competitive in the recent past. They have been on the mission of developing new products and expanding rapidly to various countries globally. Such companies include the GYG which specializes in Mexican dishes and Subway as well as KFC. This company threatens to eat into the market share of the McDonald`s. The changing demographics mean that the consumer tastes and preferences have changed and hence there is need to understand what the consumers want. The emergence of more health-conscious customers has become a threat to most of the companies in this industry since most of the products are viewed as contributing to being overweight and other health complications. The global combined revenues of the companies in the fast food industry are over $570 billion. In the United States alone, the revenues were estimated to be slightly above $200 billion in the year 2015. This is a huge growth from the 1970s overall revenues of about $6 billion. The global fast food industry is expected to grow at a rate of 2.5% per year for the next five years. The consumers in this industry mainly focus on tastes, prices, and quality of products being offered. Customers also focus on the quality of service, consistency of customer experience, affordability as well as speed. Fast food restaurants and fast casuals make up a significant portion of the industries` market share. The restaurants have a reputation for consistency, simplicity, good feel and music. Customers order and pay at the counter and then take the food out or grab a tray to sit and enjoy the meal. There is no table service in this model. The Mexican food has been slowly eating into the market share of hamburgers which were the most popular fast food in the restaurant. This has contributed to the growth of outlets such as the Guzman Y Gomez. Challenges facing the industry There are a variety of challenges facing the global fast food industry. These challenges include: Perceptions of unhealthy menus. The fast foods have a reputation for being unhealthy and this has been challenged since the tastes of the customer are shifting more to healthy food. The other challenge is that of poor working relations and low wages. The workers in the fast-food restaurant are paid so poorly and this affects their morale. A study conducted in the United States in the recent past indicates that the workers are paid so poorly that more than half of them depend on public assistance programs. The industry has also suffered cultural degradation with the introduction of Taco Bell which is not real Mexican food. Trends in the industry and responses to the challenges There has been a trend where consumers are so concerned about their health and what they eat. To deal with this challenge, many companies in this industry have introduced healthier foods such as salads and fruits. Mexican dishes are also becoming increasingly popular. The consumer is also very considerate of the prices. This has prompted many of the industry players to come up with ways in which they can minimize costs in order to offer more competitive pricing. New micro franchising cuisines are becoming increasingly popular. This includes chicken and burger franchises as well as the Mexican and Chinese dishes franchises. The location of the restaurants is also changing. Drive-thru and stand-alone stores are becoming unpopular with counter service becoming more accepted. Conclusion This case study has been able to thoroughly review the literature review conducted on Guzman Y Gomez. It contains a detailed critical analysis of the Guzman Y Gomez expansion plan through franchising. The paper identifies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of franchising to both the franchiser and the franchisee. In addition to this, the review helps to identify the important trends and factors that the company needs to understand when expanding to new countries. This paper also contains an in-depth analysis of McDonald`s Australia which is one of the biggest competitors of Guzman Y Gomez. The final section of the paper is an analysis of the industry to identify the new trends and the challenges facing this industry. References Alon, i. (2012). Global franchising operations management: Cases in international and emerging markets operations. Upper saddle river, n.j., ft press/pearson. Allen, g., albala, k. (2007). The business of food: Encyclopedia of the food and drink industries. Westport, conn, greenwood press. Best, a. L. (2017). Fast food kids: French fries, lunch lines, and social ties. Chan, s., zakkour, m. (2014). China's super consumers: What 1 billion customers want and how to sell it to them. Dempster, l. (2010). The australian veg food guide 2010/2011. Brunswick, vic, aduki independent press. Hayes, d., laudan, r. (2009). Food and nutrition. New york, marshall cavendish reference. Jou, c. (2017). Supersizing urban america how inner cities got fast food with government help. Chicago, united states, university of chicago press. Http://lib.myilibrary.com?Id=1003353. Gagnon, r., gagnon, e. (2011). Appetite for acquisition: The we sell restaurants guide to sell a restaurant. Mustang, oklahoma, tate publishing enterprises. Mcmurray, a., clendon, j. (2011). Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice. Chatswood, n.s.w., elsevier australia. Http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?Direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkan=448468. Perritt, j., henry h. (2016). Employment law update 2016. [place of publication not identified], wolters kluwer law bus. Pilcher, j. M. (2014). Planet taco a global history of mexican food. Cary, oxford university press, usa. Plunkett, j. W. (2007). Plunkett's food industry almanac 2007: Food industries market research, statistics, trends leading companies. Plunkett research ltd. Plunkett, j. W. (2017). Plunkett's restaurant, hotel hospitality industry almanac 2017. [place of publication not identified], plunkett research. Ritzer, g., ritzer, g. (2008). The mcdonaldization of society 5. Los angeles, calif, pine forge press. Ritzer, g. (2011). Globalization: The essentials. Http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?P=645003. Smith, a. F., smith, a. F. (2012). Fast food and junk food: An encyclopedia of what we love to eat. Walker, j. R. (2008). The restaurant: From concept to operation. Hoboken, n.j., john wiley sons. Http://www.123library.org/book_details/?Id=7571.

The House at the Center of the Family free essay sample

Birds chirping, wind blowing, balls bouncing. My grandparents’ backyard situated in North Andover, Massachusetts is the ideal place to visit during the dog days of summer. It lies between a quaint neighborhood park, which has recently been remodeled, and Sutton Street, the town’s busiest road. Children on bikes and babies in strollers race down the connecting road in front of the house waving to neighbors as they pass by. The delicate structure of the house is intricate. It is painted red with a wall of rusty red bricks wrapping around a wide rectangular window in front of the living room. Above the white front door are engraved swirls that roll over each other like waves in the ocean. Behind this dainty cape style home lies a sparkling blue pool. The radiant red orange light from the searing summer sun floats above this pool’s crystal blue waters creating a milky orange juice appearance. We will write a custom essay sample on The House at the Center of the Family or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My younger cousins wearing blue and green printed trunks fly high into the air as they jump from the diving board nearest the fence deep into the pool’s cooling water. Large water droplets dance through the air whenever one of their small scrawny bodies smacks the water. They reappear, shaking their heads back and forth, before swimming off to the shallow end to regroup with their cousins. Throughout the afternoon, they swim, laugh, and talk as our parents watch from green lawn chairs at the rear of the yard next to the black intertwined fence separating my grandparents’ yard from their neighbors’. My cousins, Emily, Ally, and Lucy, and I, surround the badminton court at the right of the pool. We break into teams- Lucy with Emily, myself with Ally- before we chase after the white feathered birdie, then hitting it with our elongated rackets as many times as we can in a row. We loop the birdie through the air, keeping it lifted off the ground. Every other week during the summer, my family gathers at my grandparents’ house for family cookouts. We all like to get together during the summer; not just because the weather is ideal in the summer but also because that is the only time we are able to see them, besides Christmas of course. My immediate family and I live about two hours away from the rest of our family. Therefore, it is inconvenient for us to travel up to my grandparents’ house on the weekends. We can only visit on occasion due to these time reasons. So when we all get together, we treasure every moment. It is as if we had been together nonstop; we talk as if no time has passed. For instance, my cousin Ally and I have been best friends since we were born. We are only seven months apart; she was born in October 1997 and I was born in May 1998. And when we see each other, we give each other a big hug and go off into the my grandparents’ living room to discuss everything new and important that is occurring in our lives at the given moment. We have grown close over the years; we are almost inseparable to this day some might say. When the sun sinks below the horizon after a long day of laughing in the pool and fooling around on the imaginary badminton court, my cousins and I adventure off to the basement with our wet chlorine drenched hair tied back in ponytails and our clothes anew. We sit in a circle on a soft red carpet that stretches across the entirety of the floor. This is when we play games. One of our favorite games is called â€Å"commercials.† Commercials is a game which requires us to create our own product and create a convincing commercial for it. The goal of the game is to create the funniest, most entertaining commercial we can possibly think of. We only get a 30 second time slot and only two minutes to think of how we will advertise the imaginary product given to us. We can use anything we can find in the basement to better suit the commercial. Whoever comes up with the most entertaining commercial receives the privilege of being first in line for my grandfather’s fresh-off-the-grill cheeseburgers. It’s not much, but it’s definitely worth it when there are 20 other family members already lined up ready to gobble up his juicy cheeseburgers. Other games we play are â€Å"Dance 101† which is a game we play that showcases our stylish dance moves, and â€Å"House† which is a game we play with our youngest cousins and roleplay life as adults with children. However these games do not call for a winner, so no free cut-the-line passes are given. Our imaginary games of make believe have always been a great bonding opportunity for all of us. North Andover, Massachusetts is a very important town in my life. It’s where immediate family originates from and my extended family currently resides. If it wasn’t for my grandparents’ house, I wouldn’t be so close with my family. Almost every family gathering takes place at their house. I have countless memories of my family at my grandparents’ house: swimming, badminton, walks to the neighborhood park, eating my grandfather’s juicy homemade burgers, or having silly competitions with my cousins. All of these have a special place in my heart. My family is very important to me and if it wasn’t for my grandparents’ house, we wouldn’t be so close.

The Works of Kate Chopin essays

The Works of Kate Chopin essays Women writers in the late 19th century struggled with their voices, their characters, and their writing, just as all writers do. However, many also had to struggle to be taken seriously by predominately male publishers, and such was the case with Kate Chopin. Throughout her career, "Chopin wrote three novels, eighty-five short stories, twelve essays, twenty-five poems, and one play, although she never earned enough money to support herself from her writing" (Nelson, 1995 p. 234). The key here is "support herself." It is still quite difficult to support oneself from fiction writing, and Chopin encountered this throughout her career. Quite simply, short stories sold more quickly than novels, and took less time to write, so Chopin could create more marketable works in a shorter amount of time, and see the monetary results much sooner than she would from a novel. As one writer noted, "The market for conversion and happily-ever-after stories for Christmas and Easter was immense. It was also one of the best sources of income and recognition for professional writers" (Toth, 1999 p. 125). Indeed, Chopin consistently made more money from her short stories than her novels. She received only $102 as royalties for "The Awakening," but at the same time was earning as much as $50 for only one short story (Toth, 1999 p. 229). Historian Toth continues, "Magazine editors in the 1890s, all of them white, liked stories of unequal relationships between blacks and whites in which, for instance, the black character sacrifices for his or her 'white folks'" (Toth, 1999 p. 169). Fiction was exceedingly popular in women's magazines of the day, and as more magazines sought to capitalize on the women's market, more fiction was needed to fill their pages, and so the opportunities for short story writers were quite good. Good Housekeeping was quite consistent with other women's magazines of the ...

Carl Sandburg Biography Essay

Carl Sandburg Biography Essay Carl Sandburg was unique compare to many other poets. All of the poems that he wrote were short and straight to the point. You would not find any poems that he had written that are over a page, yet still; his poems are very easy to understand. Sandburg lived through a lot of historic events, so all of his poems were about those historic events. As you know, history isnt always exciting or easy to learn. Yet, Sandburg was able to write about those times in a way that an average high school student can understand, unlike other poets like Emily Dickinson or Edgar Allen Poe. Carl Sandburg should be included in an anthology of American poetry because of his writing technique and experience. Sandburg used a lot of the generalization methods to make his poems simpler to understand. Even though we know that sometimes-generalizing things are not good, Sandburg did a great job of it and was still able to write out everything he wanted to. Like I said, Carl Sandburg lived through some of the most famous historic events in the United States of all time. He had seen events like World War I, the roaring 1920s, the Depression, World War II, the New Deal, and the Cold War. The anthology of American poetry needs more poets with his kind of experience. Ill bet you that he never had trouble trying to figure out what to write about. The poem I chose by Carl Sandburg was a poem called JAWS. Its a poem about World War I, and it talks about how the countries that were involved in the war had a chance to prevent war, but they ignored it. This poem should be included as an example of the poets work because its saying what we think and feel. When we learn about how World War I was started, we would be thinking dont these countries realize what theyre getting themselves into and dont they have consciences. The poem JAWS talks about all these things so we can relate to it. Another reason why I think this poem should be included as an example of the poets work is because its short and straight to the point. If you were to give a high school student a choice of either reading a page long poem or a paragraph long poem, most chances are that student will pick the paragraph long one. And just because the poem JAWS is short doesnt mean its not well written or incomplete with information. It has enough information for that certain type of poem and probably even an elementary student can understand it. This poem can be included in the canon because its about history and history is being taught on for all generations. It also should be included in the canon because not many poems in the canon are as short yet still contains so much information.

Clinical Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clinical Psychology - Essay Example Psychoanalytical psychology, introduced by Freud, is based on this principle which takes in to account past the history of the patient and analysis its influence on the present thinking of the individual (Background of Counseling, 2010; Historical lineage, n.d). Freud incorporated this psychoanalytical approach in his counseling psychology studies (Background of Counseling, 2010). The early 1900s witnessed the emergence of newer theories related to counseling psychology which laid emphasis on the overall growth and development of a human being rather than mere study of the abnormality. The publication of the book, Counseling and Psychotherapy by Carl Rogers, revolutionized the study of counseling psychotherapy and resulted in the initiation of training programs for counselors and coining of the new term counseling psychologists (Historical lineage, n.d). Carl Roger’s work was based on the specific experiences of people, which have had a profound impact on their lives and the m ethod is now referred to as the Humanistic method, which is a widely practiced method in the field of psychology today. All the studies carried out in the field of counseling psychology focuses on the human mind in order to better understand the working of the mind and to work out a solution to help people overcome their difficulties and problems. The studies have helped to understand how the human mind works under different circumstances. Counseling psychologists have played a vital role in helping people deal with their lives after events such as terror strikes and numerous other accidents and calamities (Background of Counseling, 2010). This field has helped researchers to broaden their understanding about the potential within every human being and help people to develop in to better individuals. Given the growing importance attached to counseling and their resultant positive effects both on the individual and the society, the demand for counseling psychologists is rapidly increa sing. The role of research and statistics in clinical counseling psychologists Clinical counseling psychologists are involved in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of people suffering from mental disorders. They help people cope with their condition and find suitable means to overcome them and lead a normal life. To help them achieve this goal, psychologists formulate theories and hypothesis that are based on the thoughts and behavior of individuals. Research methods are employed in order to prove the theories and these methods vary depending on the kind of study involved. In general the techniques used by psychologists include observation, assessment and experimentation. Individual behaviors are evaluated through various methods such as laboratory experiments carried out along with suitable controls, hypnotic methods, biofeedback techniques, and tests which help to ascertain the personality traits, intelligence and aptitude of an individual. Other types of methods employed inc lude interviews, questionnaires and clinical studies. In the case of clinical counseling psychologists, who help people to cope with mental disorders or personal problems, patient interviews, psychotherapy for patients and their family and other suitable intervention and treatment strategies are undertaken to

The Waterfront Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Waterfront - Movie Review Example The movie, a controversial and powerful part drama part gangster film about mob violence, trade unions and the corruption among longshoreman, is set on New York’s waterfront docks and it is about the struggle of workers for work and dignity..Malcolm Johnson, born on 24 September, 1904 and graduated from Mercer University in 1926, was a noted investigative journalist. He wrote a series of 24 parts called `Crimes on the Waterfront’ about the dock strikes, published in New York Sun. The series exposed corrupt practices, bribery, extortion, theft, murder and the mob’s influence on New York’s waterfront. He eventually won the Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting for the series in 1949. `The Sun’ articles formed the basis for the movie â€Å"On the Waterfront†. But before Budd Schulberg started working on the screenplay for the movie, Arthur Miller wrote a play â€Å"The Bottom of the River’ about the efforts of Peter Panto who was murdered b y the mob while struggling to organize the dock workers of Brooklyn Red Hook district in the 1930s. In 1950, Miller rewrote the play as the screenplay â€Å"The Hook† for Elia Kazan. Kazan wanted to make the movie but was rejected by the studios. Reason was the pressure imposed by HUAC on the Columbia Pictures studio chief Harry Cohn. Miller was told to change the villains to evil communists from corrupt union officials and gangsters. Arthur Miller refused and was replaced by Budd Schulberg, who wrote `On the Waterfront’ as a result.On the Waterfront' as a result. (Tom Dirks) The story is like this. Johnny Friendly (Lee J. Cobb) is the union boss, who rules the waterfront. He is responsible for a number of murders but police couldn't take any action against him as the witnesses never testify against him i.e. they play deaf and dumb ("plead D &D"). Terry Malloy (Marlon Brando) is a dockworker and a former boxer who does small jobs due to his brother Charley (Rod Steiger) influence. Karl Malden plays the role of Father Barry who encourages Terry, stuck in a moral struggle between right and wrong. Eva Marie Saint plays the role Edie Doyle, sister of the dockworker who gets murdered because he was going to testify against Johnny Friendly. Terry feels somewhat responsible for the death because he could have Intervened. Because of a love towards Edie and encouragement from Father Berry, Terry agrees to testify against Johnny Friendly and his own brother Charley in a federal Crime Commission investigation. (Tom Dirks) On the Waterfront' is said to be a sort of autobiographical film by Elia Kazan. It was his reaction to the criticism he faced for his testimony before the House Un- American Committee, in which he "named names" in 1952. Kazan, during his theatre days in1930s, had been a member of the Communist Party. The Theater also included several professionals who were Communists. At first Kazan agreed to testify before HUAC but refused to name other members, but because of increasing pressure from Hollywood studio management, he provided the names of former Party members. Later, Kazan explained that he resented the Party's to force their Agenda on artists and he felt the testimony was in the best interest of the country. Though the testimony was due to the threat of being blacklisted from the Hollywood studios, Kazan was hated by his former friends. Terry's testimony against Johnny Friendly and his mob was perceived by some as Kazan's reaction to his critics. In 1951, before Kazan, Budd Schulberg also testified before HUAC. Budd Schulberg born in March27, 1914 was the son of B.P. Schulberg, the head of Paramount Pictures, and Adeline Jaffee-Schulberg. Budd Schulberg volunteered to testify when screenwriter Richard Collins testified before

The Navigation of young Adolescents from elementary school to Middle School Essay Example for Free

The Navigation of young Adolescents from elementary school to Middle School Essay The period of young adolescent is a very challenging and transformational period for the child. There are tremendous bodily and mental changes taking place which places significant amount of stress on the children, as well parents and the educators involved in dealing with this age group. This age group requires an unusual and sensitive team work to address t hisses which can address their changing expectations and help them cope with their emotional well being. The issues arise with time and situation and learning the skills to cope with them is important in terms of the peers, as well as family and school oriented affairs. It is also important to take into consideration the thoughts and the feelings as well their behavioral manifestations in theses tender years of change and adaptability. It is important to recognize the â€Å"disinterest, disorder and defiance† (Mcknight-Taylor, 1979) which is characteristic feature of middle school level of students. The educational enforcement should be aimed to engage and involve students and help them feel part of their special environment. Their individuality needs to be respected and their interests need to be taken into consideration. The educators should reach out to the students and aim to give them authentic informed facts which they can base their decision son. The teamwork of partnership between the young adolescent, parents and the educators will make significant difference in enhancing the navigational strategy to handle the transition with sensitivity and understanding, which will ensure greater degree of success. One needs to recognize that transition is a very difficult time for any age, but for young adolescent it is even more challenging taking into account the other transformational bodily, emotional and 0pphsyical changes which are taking place in their psychological setup. (Parker, 2009). The emotional , psychological and academic decline which has been witnessed in this phase can be addressed with strategic organizational and academic setup. It is important to investigate and advocate and advise based on authentic facts and figures which can provide a solid concept of the self image which is undergoing change in the life of the middle school students and thus address the issues related to young adolescent with sufficiently organized and departmentalized approach in which advisory and advocacy has a significant role to play. The issue related to advocacy has been an urgent issue which motivates educators to address the problematic issue to â€Å"navigate the transition from elementary to middle school, as their bodies grow and change, s they develop new interests and new peer groups, as they probe their boundaries and test their limits, as they explore a rapidly changing world via Internet, as they consume a daily bombardment of television, magazines, music and headlines† (Buckhardt, 1999). The challenge of educating young adolescents in this emerging world of changes and transition which is full of distractions and drama which has overwhelmed the lifestyle leads to unnecessary turbulence which impacts their self-centered lives with a roller coaster kind of speed and thrill, which is uncontrolled and untamed. The exposure to abusive material on uncontrolled technological devices makes the situation even more challenging for the parents as well as the educators. The exposure to pain and suffering is lot more which results from the unhealthy choices which are presented by settings which are of abusive nature. The role of advocacy and advisory in such situation which targets the program to engage and involve the student in the process would be a necessary tool to address this critical nature of issue which deals with navigating young adolescents in their middle school years. The rationale of the advisory program should be aimed at addressing the common attributes of the particular age group, along with the individual attention and conferences in which parents are part of the process. There should be regular and open conferences which builds the bridge between the advisor and advisees. The school should plan for sound administrative support which is backed by â€Å" an adult advocate for each young adolescent† (Buckhardt, 1999). â€Å"According to This We Believe, the obligation of a developmentally responsive middle level school is to provide ‘a continuity of caring that extends over the student’s entire middle level experience so that no student is neglected’ (National Middle School Association, 1995, p. 17). An advisory program enables that ‘continuity of caring’ to take root. † (Buckhardt, 1999). The success of the students in this transitional period and transformational phase has to taken with challenge and understanding which can ensure navigation of young adolescents in a sensitive and humane manner which provides supportive care and discipline to help them keep within the boundaries without suppression and repression. This will be reflected in their academic achievement, school attendance, lesser alienation, greater interests in school related learning and greater adaptability. These are the pillars which will help build a bridge which will help the young adolescent transitioning between elementary and middle school years a climate which helps them foster and grow to their peak. References Buckhardt, R. M. (1999). Advisory: Advocacy for Every Student. Middle School Journal, Vol. 30, Number 3. http://www. nmsa. org/portals/0/pdf/publications/On_Target/advisory/advisory_3. pdf Burkhardt, R. M. and Kane, J. T.. â€Å"An Adult Advocate for Every Student. Mcknight-Taylor , M. (1997) Making Education Special for All Young Adolescents. Jouranl Article. Childhood Education, Vo. 73. Beane, J. A. (1993). A middle school curriculum: From rhetoric to reality. (2nd ed). Columbus, OH:National Middle School Association. Burns, J. (1998). National middle school association 25th anniversary interview. Las Cruces, NM: Author. Lipsitz, J. (1984). Successful schools for young adolescents. East Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. (1994). Early adolescence/generalist standards for national board certification. Washington, DC: Author. Parker, A. K. Elementary Organizational Structures and Young Adolescents Self-Concept and Classroom Environment Perceptions Across the Transition to Middle School. University of Suth Florida, Journal of Research in Childhood Education, Vol. 23Issue 3, pg. 325-339. Rubinstein, R. E. (1994). Hints for teaching success in middle school. Englewood, CO: Teacher Ideas Press. Shoreham-Wading River Middle School. (1989). Advisory activities at Shoreham-Wading River middle school. Shoreham, NY: Author. Shoreham-Wading River Middle School. (1973). Advisory handbook. Shoreham, NY: Author.

New Developments in Genetic Cloning :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

New Developments in Genetic Cloning      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since genetic cloning is a very wide topic, the focus of my paper lies mainly on the new discoveries which might be beneficial to human beings.   The focus of the first section of the paper is on the various cloning techniques geneticists use nowadays.   They techniques included range from the simplest and suitable for all situations, to complicated and suitable for certain areas.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second section of the paper, the longest section, discusses five of the many researches performed over the last five years.   The researches are arranged in descending chronological order, dating from February 1997, to April 1992.   These researches are discussed because they all have one thing in common: they may be beneficial to human beings later on.   For example, the newest entry in my paper, and perhaps the one that shocked the whole world, was the report about the first successful clone mammal from non-embryonic cells.   This will be helpful in the future for patients waiting for organ transplants.   Scientists will be able to clone a fully functional organ, and replace it with the damaged one.   The report on the cloning of the human's morphine receptor is advantageous to us because this helps scientists to develop new analgesics.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third section of the paper contains a brief discussion about the advantages and the disadvantages of genetic cloning.  Ã‚   It speculates how our future will improve due to the technologies we are developing, and also the biggest drawbacks which might come from it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The last part of the paper, is the explanation of complicated terms used in this paper.   The terms which will be explained are printed in bold terms throughout the paper.   This section, the glossary, is like the ones which appears in textbooks.    New Developments or Research in Genetic Cloning         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Genetic cloning is one of the many aspects which has been recently introduced to improve our quality of live.   Researchers are trying to improve our lives everyday applying genetic engineering onto our everyday lives.   Cows can be genetically altered to produce more milk, receptors in our body could be cloned to improve our health.   The techniques and new research reported in this paper is just one tree out of the whole forest of genetic engineering.    Part I:   Techniques of Genetic Cloning      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Geneticists use different cloning methods for different purposes.   The method used to identify human diseases are different than the method used to clone a sheep.   The following are used techniques in genetic cloning.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recombinant DNA      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In recombinant DNA, the desired segment is clipped from the surrounding DNA and copied millions of times.

Describing ways of identifying and meeting development needs Essay

Self assessment is an attribute that allows an employee to take ownership of a particular area of their personal, academic or work based life. Self assessment means an employee will have to review their actions, skills, strengths, weaknesses, key activities etc. and be able to provide themselves with a summary evaluation. This can then be used as part of an appraisal to give the employee their own opportunity to identify their strengths and weaknesses. This will then be incorporated into the formal appraisal process. Self assessment should also be used by an employee to determine different faults in others. This will allow different employees to interact as it will help each other to improve if they discuss each other’s faults and how they could improve. It is up to an employee to choose what they wish to reveal about themselves. These qualities tend to be revealed through body language, and so it is important that when assessing other employees that they only be showing you what they want you to see. Why this is important in a business is because it is a skill allowing understanding of other employee’s attitudes and how their personal appearance may be different from their personalities. This will help communication and build a trust within each employee. Formal Reports By an employee producing reports for the employer this allows the employer to see how they are performing within the organisation. This means in combination with a properly conducted appraisal, these notes will make a powerful tool to help employees progress in their job and also help them to make improvements to their work. This will therefore add to an employee’s self value and will make their job more satisfying. Within these reports can list decisions of whether an employee will be made to train, redirect their energies through promotion, demotion or sideways moves. If by any chance the employer states that the employee’s behaviour is less than satisfactory this may be recorded, also along with targets that are expected to be achieved and that the employee had agreed to meet. These reports should help the employee and employer focus on the key aspects of what skills will be required and then how they can be improved. Customer Feedback Customer feedback is one of the greatest ways to identify development needs. This is data that can be captured by a customer. Such as how the customer feels about a specific product, service in terms of quality, availability, expense etc. This feedback can then be used to identify personal developments that need to be improved. An example of this may be a hotel chain, asking customers to complete a questionnaire about the levels of how satisfied they were with the service they received. This can reflect well or badly on certain groups within the business e. g. bar/restaurant staff, house keeping staff, receptionist staff etc. Other examples such as a help desk may invite users to compliment on the guidance they were given. This is a very important way of a business helping staff members to improve their personalities, skills etc. Performance Data Some organisations can collect information about a certain employee over a period of time and review this performance information with the employee. Performance such as how quick an employee performs their work or how many items they sold etc. An example of this could be a checkout worker in a supermarket. The rate of performance could be recorded by how many items they scan, how many customers they serve during their shift, what profit they made etc. These measures however when taken in isolation might not always be accurate or fair as; one customer may buy a lot of cheap items but in a large proportion of products. This would therefore result in a slower scanning process. If a product has been known as being damaged this would also slow the process of a transaction as an employee would have to leave their workstation to retrieve the same undamaged product. For this type of method to improve skills it has to be recorded in large sample. This is so the sample can be classified as the entire population. This means over a long period of time one checkout employee can be compared against another. Appraisal Records This type of method is used to identify an employee’s performance of work throughout a month, year etc. This will allow the employee to focus on their strongest points and weakest points. This will then help the employee to focus on targets they want to meet in the future, whether this is their timing e. g. handing in a project on a set deadline etc. Addressing Development Needs Job Shadowing This will involve working with an employee or other individuals whilst observing and analysing their job role. This will help employees gain more of an understanding of certain job roles and how procedures/tasks are carried out. Job shadowing will give prospective employees an insight to the stresses and strains of a particular job. This will then help develop the skills needed to cope with workload and any interruptions that may occur within the working environment. In some cases the person who is being shadowed may do a running commentary on what is happening. This is sometimes not practical though as they’re maybe others such as; customers, suppliers etc, who would overhear the conversation which could be very confidential. In this case, a debriefing session may be performed after the tutorial to explain what happened. Formal Courses To meet some specific development needs it may be important to attend a course programme to develop knowledge, base skills and understanding. These courses may be run by other organisations or be in-house training that the employee’s organisation would run themselves. These courses may lead to qualifications which will have to be obtained passing an examination. Examinations that are taken by bankers and insurance companies are set to establish a standard set of knowledge and performance that would be suitable within that industry. For Example, within the ICT industry, Microsoft offers a number of qualifications that can confirm understanding of one or more of their products. By obtaining one of these qualifications will improve an employee’s level of expertise. This will help an employee become more advanced within their career enabling them to work better within their qualified job.

As Fashion Merchandiser

How to Draw Strategy from a Comparison Shopping Report Milliard's Mini-Case As an FM student you have already done lots of shopping reports. This exercise is intended to show you how to use this information as an analytical tool. Comparative shopping Is done In the Industry constantly. But the point of the task Is to Identify strengths and weaknesses of your stores merchandise mix In comparison to the competitors'. Are you offering the customer something unique in one segment of your business, but not in others? Are you Just a poor second in comparison too throng competitor?Are you under- or over-developed in certain classifications? Are your prices in line with the rest of your store? In relation to your competition? Are there business opportunities that no one has addressed yet (market voids)? In this exercise, you are the buyer for Milliard's Department Stores Men's Sport Shirt Department. Your boss has asked you to do a comparison shopping analysis in order to determine ways to a djust your assortments to improve sales and profits. Milliard's Is a mostly moderate department store with some business done at better price points as well.Women's, Men's, and Kids' are all carried, along with all the usual Home Store categories. Within Women's, both Misses and ‘Women's† (Plus size) are carried. The store is predominantly branded, but there is some private label merchandise carried within the departments. For 201 3 Private label has not been as profitable as Branded merchandise and the buyer of Men's sport shirts is seeing a trend toward â€Å"labels† Note: This Is a self-contained case study. â€Å"Mallards† Is a fictitious store. Therefore, you must Limit yourself to Information In this write-up only. Work on the skill of writing with specificity.Don't answer competitor-by- competitor; give one assessment that takes all competitors into consideration) b. Why are these segments at a competitive advantage? C. Which components are not at a competitive advantage? D. Why not? Third Step After finishing your study, you read in the paper that Thomas & Blake is going out of business! Even though they continued to have decent revenues, their debt load finally did them in. They could no longer afford to keep the stores open. 3. A. Does this change provide an â€Å"environmental opportunity' for you? . Does the issue of branded vs.. Private label enter into this consideration? Why or why not? C. How might you adjust the assortments in your department to â€Å"pounce† on the misfortunes at Thomas & Blake? Be very specific. A. Yes, When Thomas & Blake goes out of business, that gives you an opportunity to take over Thomas & Flake's market share with the right merchandising strategy. B. Maybe , because Thomas & Blake is a typical department store that doesn't have over Thomas & Flake's customer. They might want to consider private label. C.Compare to Thomas & Flake's shopping analysis. Milliard's needs make the price ran ge of the better regular classification a bit higher from $80 to $120. Also, the price range of the better big/Tall classification need to be adjusted higher from $50 to $90 in order to meet the need of the customers who used to shop at Thomas & Blake. D. Fourth Step Of course, nothing stands still in the world of retailing. Just as you start to celebrate the loss of a key competitor, another news item hits the local paper: Wall-Mart is coming to town!! Ouch!

The holocaust essays

The holocaust essays The holocaust was a terrible time period where millions of Jewish people were man slaughtered. Economic and political conditions in Germany between 1918 and 1933 played a major role in the creation of a climate that made Nazism appeal to the German population. There was widespread unemployment. The German people turned towards nationalism. The Nazi party captured the nationalistic favor of the country. The spiritualism and doctrines of Nazism struck the heart of Germanys traditions and cultural life. The Nazi party set the Jews up as enemies and blamed them for all of Germany's troubles. The Jews became the scapegoat of the movement. They were held responsible for anything and everything that worked counter to the Nazi ideal. Support for the Nazi party increased between 1928 and 1933, when the party first started showing signs of popularity. Over the next few years the party's support expanded. As the party's following increased, Germany started becoming a totalitarian state. Until November 1938 the repression had been mainly political, but the Nazi party took the hatred of Jews to new depths. The persecution of the Jews continued as many Jews were forced to flee to other countries. By the outbreak of the war in 1939, only 285,000 out of the 690,000 Jews in Austria and Germany were left. The rest had immigrated to other countries. The Jews that remained, the majority, old or married to non-Jews, soon became part of the mass extermination that followed. On the 10th of January 1942, a meeting took place known as the Wannsee conference. At this meeting it was decided by Hitler, the leader the party, that the result of the war will be the complete annihilation of the Jews.This genocide changed the world for ever. Even though the world has this event to learn from, these types of things are still occurring today. Many people are being killed because of their race or religion. My grandfathers and his brothers were altered because of...

Media fandom in American movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Underground space use with urban sustainability Essay

Underground space use with urban sustainability - Essay Example Underground Space Use with Urban Sustainability Moreover, city planners are faced with a huge task of ensuring that services in urban areas are not disrupted; despite the high number of people streaming to urban centers, the quality of life in cities has to remain unchanged. Moreover, today, there is increasing advocacy on sustainable developments especially with regard to built environment. With increasing awareness on the need to preserve the environment, people are demanding stringent sustainability measures in built environment. Therefore, city planners face a daunting task of deciding the best way to come up with city master plans that ensure sustainability. An approach that has remained untapped in the development of many cities; the approach  promises great opportunities for expansion of cities within sustainable limits is underground urban infrastructure development. Bobylev (2009, 1129) observed that, in order for investors to develop private housing, they require enough transport infrastructure and enough energy supply , which depends on the transport available in such cities. This calls for the need to have proper integration of urban infrastructure development and sustainable development in cities. Therefore, to ensure sustainability despite the growing of urban cities, underground urban development promises potential opportunities, if proper city master plans are prepared to highlight proper urban underground infrastructure designs. Chow et al (2) noted that the ability to maximize space in towns and urban cities would be the greatest challenge for engineers and architectures in the near future. One of the benefits of urban underground infrastructure is that it offers city planners opportunities and space to relocate infrastructure projects such as railway lines, roads, recreational facilities, stores, sports facilities among other amenities. The need for mass transportation services and modern infrastructural development requires new and innovative ways to use the available dwindling space in cities (Chow et al, 3). As a result, efficient use of underground space will ensure planners, developers, landowners and other parties have exciting and untapped opportunities to expand construction projects. Many cities have managed to save huge spaces by designing efficient underground master plans for their transport systems, which has helped not only in reducing congestion but also in maximizing utilization of space in cities. One of the best examples of the huge impacts of underground urban master plan is the London underground station, an underground facility that has managed not only to reduce traffic in the city but also has reshaped the city and utility of space to the best extent possible. The design and the emergence of the London underground station challenged the limits of engineering and city master planning across the globe. The station is an excellent benchmark of what would become of many cities in the future. Space is rapidly becoming scarce while demand for sustainability and the demand for transportation services have increased. Therefore, the London station is an excellent case of typical modernism (Wright, 2011). The tube as it is commonly known made it possible for people to travel between several stations within London at record speeds. As a result, people were no longer willing to live in the city but opted to live away from the city where they can spend a few minutes to get to London (Wright, 2011). T

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Senses and the endocrine system - Essay Example These abnormalities that occur sometimes have no effect on the systems while in other cases the effects are detrimental. One of the common seen abnormalities as people age is the formation of cataracts. Cataracts are a clouding of the lenses in the eye to where light becomes hard to pass through. As a result of the light not being able to penetrate, problems with vision occur. Cataracts can form in a person’s eyes as the result of multiple conditions. Exposure to ultraviolet light can cause proteins to denature, which can lead to the condition. Certain diseases such as diabetes have been known to cause this to occur. Eye trauma and genetic issues can also be accounted for with the development of cataracts (Goldstein, 2010). Cataracts are an abnormality that is forming which affects the visual field of the individual. This is because the lenses in eyes are biologically centered around having a clear lens that is adjusted by the retina to allow light in depending on the light le vel. Even though aging of biological components is inherent as humans age, the formation of cataracts is often caused or started by external or internal determinalistic factors that cannot be accounted for. As a result, these are biological factors, which represent an abnormality to normal human physiology.

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Plato - Essay Example In an attempt to analyze the life and ideas of Plato, this paper thus purposes to reflect on chapter 4 of the book â€Å"Living Philosophy: A Historical Introduction to philosophical ideas†. Having been born around 428 BCE in Athens, Plato revolutionized the way of thinking both in Greece and the rest of the world. In his idea of rationalism, Plato regarded reasoning as the cornerstone source and test for knowledge. In his rationalism idea, Plato taught that there is existence of certain truths that cannot be changed, and there is a need for intellectual understanding to identify the truths. These truths were thus believed to be the governing forces of humanity and the universe. Drawing an analogy with the sleep to elaborate his viewpoint of Immortality, Morality, and the Soul, he understood immortality of the soul in terms of reincarnation. Just as a person can wake up after sleep, he believed the dead would wake up in another body (Vaughn, P. 52). Among Platos famous dialogues as depicted in the book â€Å"Living Philosophy: A Historical Introduction to philosophical ideas† is his notion of the Republic. He draws most of his inference of the Republic from the works of Socrates thus coming to an argument point that a republic is a society of people who are governed by justice and fulfilment in life in terms of happiness. Thus, members of the republic must all work together socially and economically to ensure every member is justly and fairly treated according to one’s contribution to the

Static Voltage Stability Analysis In Power Systems Engineering Essay

Static Voltage Stability Analysis In Power Systems Engineering Essay Voltage stability, one of the principal aspects of power system stability, has been the main reason for many of major power system blackout incidents over the last few decades. It is acknowledged universally that voltage stability is and will remain a challenge in the 21st century, even likely to increase in importance. Therefore a better understanding of voltage stability in power systems is necessary for power engineers, who might participate in the planning, designing, and operation of modern power systems. This report talks about a relevant engineering thesis project: Static Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Systems, which is carried out for 2 semesters from July 2009 to June 2010. The aim of this thesis project is to conduct a more comprehensive study into the theory of static voltage stability, and investigate a new approach for power flow analysis: 3-dimension P-Q-V curve. First of all, the basic knowledge of static voltage stability is reviewed, and analysis on an elementary power system, radial system, is carried out including power flow study, P-V and Q-V curve analysis. Based on the 2- dimension P-V and Q-V plotting, the relationship of P, Q, and V is studied and a new method for static voltage stability analysis is tried: P-Q-V curve. The second part of this project focuses on the analysis of WSCC three-generator-nine-bus system. Simulation of the system is carried through by means of UWPFLOW and POWERWORLD. Direct power flow method and continuation power flow method are applied and the weakest bus is studied. Last but not least, curves are obtained and results are discussed. Keywords: Static Voltage Stability; Radial System; Power Flow Method; Continuation Power Flow Method; P-V Curve; Q-V Curve; P-Q-V Curve. CONTENTS à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‹Å" à ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  i ABSTRACT ii CONTENTS iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY 8 CHAPTER 3 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY POWER SYSTEM 11 CHAPTER 4 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM 26 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 39 REFERENCES 41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 43 APPENDIX A MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 3.8 44 APPENDIX B MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.2 46 APPENDIX C MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.3 47 APPENDIX D MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.4 48 APPENDIX E MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.5 49 APPENDIX F MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.6 50 APPENDIX G MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.7 51 APPENDIX H DATA OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM 52 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION An Overview of Modern Power System A power system is a network of conductors and devices which allows electrical energy to be transferred from the generating power stations to load centers through transmission network. Since the first electric network in the United States was established at the Pearl Street Station in New York City by Thomas Edison in 1882 [1], power systems have been experiencing more than 100 years development and improvement. Nowadays, modern power system has developed to be a complex interconnected network, which can be subdivided into four parts: Generation Private and publicly owned generators produce the electricity that feeds into high voltage grids. Transmission High voltage transmission grids transport power from generating units at various locations to distribution systems which ultimately supply the load. Distribution Distribution systems deliver the power from local bulk supply points to the consumers service-entrance equipments. Loads Loads of power systems are composed of industrial, commercial, and residential load. Figure 1.1 Modern Power System [2] Power System Stability A power system is said to be stable if it has the property that it retains a state of equilibrium under normal operating conditions and regains an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. Of all the complex phenomena on power system, power system stability is the most intricate to understand and challenging to analyze [3]. Damage to power system stability may cause the system to blackout or collapse as well as other catastrophic incidents, leading to enormous social and economic losses. Classification of Power System Stability Based on the systems different properties, network structures and operation modes, the system instability can behave in many different ways. Accordingly power system stability study is divided mainly into three fields: angle stability, frequency stability and voltage stability. The diagram below shows visually the classification of power system stability. Figure 1.2 Classification of Power System Stability History of Study on Power System Stability Initially, angular stability was firstly paid attention to and studied since power transmission capability had traditionally been limited by either rotor angle (synchronous) stability or by thermal loading capability. And the blackout problems had been associated with transient stability, which were diminished by fast short circuit clearing, powerful excitation systems and varies special stability controls [3]. In other words, nowadays the theory and methods on angular stability are relatively more complete. Meanwhile, study on voltage stability had been quite slow, which mainly attributed to two reasons: Incidents caused by voltage instability or voltage collapse occurred relatively late, not until which did people paid attention to voltage instability problems. Understanding of voltage instability was not so profound as other kinds of instability problems in the early days. Varies of issues arose during the study on voltage stability such as load-based modeling, dynamic behaviors of different components as well as their interaction, and so on. Overview of Power System Voltage Stability Voltage Instability Incidents in the World Power system voltage stability was firstly introduced in 1940s, but failed to draw peoples attention until 1970s, since which voltage instability and collapse had resulted in several major system failures or blackouts throughout the world, as listed below [4, 5, 22]: August 22, 1970, Japan, 30 minutes; September 22, 1970, New York, several hours; September 22, 1977, Jacksonville, Florida, few minutes; December 19, 1978, France, 26 minutes; August 4, 1982, Northern Belgium, 4.5 minutes; September 2, November 26, December 28 30, 1982, Florida, 1-3 minutes; May 21, 1983, Northern California, 2 minutes; December 27, 1983, Sweden, 55 seconds; June 11, 1984, Northeastern USA, several hours; May 17, 1985, South Florida, 4 seconds; April 1986, Winnipeg, Canada Nelson River HVDC links, 1 second; May 20, 1986, England, 5 minutes; November 1986, SE Brazil, Paraguay, 2 seconds; January 12, 1987, Western France, 6-7 minutes; July 20, 1987, Illinoisand India, several hours; July 23, 1987, Tokyo Japan, 20 minutes; August 22, 1987, Western Tennessee, 10 seconds; July 2, 1996, Western System Coordination Council (WSCC), Northern USA; August 1996, Malaysia; August 14, 2003, USA Canada; September 28, 2003, Italy. Progress of Study on Voltage Stability The large numbers of worldwide voltage collapse incidents made it become the focus of worlds attention to study voltage stability of power system. In the 1982s researching list of Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in USA, voltage stability was considered as the most significant issue. Over the last thirty years, and especially over about the last twenty years, utility engineers, consultants, and university researchers have intensely studied voltage stability. Hundreds of technical papers have resulted, along with conferences, symposiums, and seminars. Utilities have developed practical analysis techniques, and are now planning and operating power systems to prevent voltage instability for credible disturbances [6]. Importance of Voltage Stability in Future In a foreseeable future, the global fast-growing power consumption will require more intensive use of available transmission facilities, which means an operation of power systems closer to their voltage stability limits. The increased use of existing transmission is made possible, in part, by reactive power compensation [6]. Undoubtedly, voltage stability is and will remain a challenge in the 21st century, even likely to increase in importance. Therefore a better understanding of voltage stability in power systems is necessary for power engineers, who might participate in the planning, designing, and operation of modern power systems. Topic Definition and Scope The topic of this project is Static Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Systems, which mainly focuses on the following: Overview of the phenomena of static voltage stability; Analysis associated with the phenomena; Reasons why voltage collapse happens; Measures to improve static voltage stability. In consideration of restrictions on the simulation, a three-generator-nine-bus case is used throughout the whole project while a typical two-bus (one-generator-one-load) case is used for the P-Q-V curve analysis. Aims and Objectives The main objective of this project is to get a wider and deeper understanding of static voltage stability in power systems, which can be reduced into sub-objectives: To conduct a more comprehensive study into the theory of static voltage stability; To look for reasons why voltage collapse happens; To investigate a new approach for power flow analysis: 3-dimension P-Q-V plotting; To propose proper measures of improving static voltage stability in power systems; To conclude generation direction and load direction for the analyzed power system. CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY Basic Concepts of Voltage Stability IEEE Definitions IEEE [7] provided a formal definition of voltage stability and relative concepts as given below: Voltage Stability: Voltage stability is the ability of a system to maintain voltage so that when load admittance is increased, load power will increase and so that both power and voltage are controllable. Voltage Collapse: Voltage collapse is the process by which voltage instability leads to very low voltage profile in a significant part of the system. Voltage Security: Voltage security is the ability of a system not only to operate stably, but also to remain stable (as for as the maintenance of system voltage is concerned) following any reasonable credible contingency or adverse system change. CIGRE Definitions Nevertheless, the above definitions of voltage stability conditions were not directly compatible with the general IEEE definition for stability concept. Hence new definitions were given in CIGRE report [8], which are as following: Voltage Stability: A power system, at a given operating state and subjected to a given disturbance, is voltage stable if voltages near loads approach post-disturbance equilibrium values. The disturbed state is within the region of the stable post-disturbance equilibrium. Voltage Instability: Voltage instability is the absence of voltage stability, and results in progressive voltage decrease (or increase). Destabilizing control reaching limits, or other control actions (e.g. load connection), however, may establish global stability. Voltage Collapse: Following voltage instability, a power system undergoes voltage collapse if the post-disturbance equilibrium voltages near loads are below acceptable limits. Voltage collapse in the system may be either total (blackout) or partial. Voltage collapse is more complex than simple voltage instability leading to a low-voltage profile in a significant part of the power system. Other Relative Concepts Large-disturbance Voltage Stability: Large-disturbance voltage stability is concerned with a systems ability to control voltages following large disturbances such as system faults, loss of generation, or circuit contingencies. The study period of interest may extend from a few seconds to tens of minutes. Therefore, long-term dynamic simulations are required for analysis. Small-disturbance Voltage Stability: Small-disturbance voltage stability is concerned with a systems ability to control voltages following small perturbations such as incremental changes in system load. For such case, static analysis is effectively used. Relation of Voltage Stability to Rotor Angle Stability Voltage stability and rotor angle (or synchronous) stability are more or less interlinked. Transient voltage stability is often interlinked with transient rotor angle stability, and slower forms of voltage stability are interconnected with small-disturbance rotor angle stability. Voltage Stability is concerned with load areas and load characteristics. For rotor stability, we are often concerned with integrating remote power plants to a large system over long transmission lines. Voltage stability is basically load stability, and rotor angle stability is basically generator stability [6]. In a large interconnected system, voltage collapse of a load is possible without loss of synchronism of any generators. Transient voltage stability is usually closely associated with transient rotor angle stability. Long-term voltage stability is less interlinked with rotor angle stability. We can consider that if voltage collapses at a point in a transmission system remote from loads, it is an angle instability problem. If voltage collapses in a load area, it is possibly mainly a voltage instability problem. CHAPTER 3 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY POWER SYSTEM Introduction of an Elementary Model: Radial System Simple radial system network is used to develop most of the concepts of the static voltage stability. Once basic concepts are understood, we can represent as much as appropriate in computer simulation, which will be carried out in Chapter 4. Figure 3.1 shows an equivalent circuit of the power system, and a model called radial system is formed to represent such power system, as shown in Figure 3.2. Figure 3.1 Equivalent Circuit of Power System Figure 3.2 Radial System Model The sending-end and receiving-end voltages are assumed to be fixed and can be interpreted as points in large systems where voltages are stiff or secure. The sending end and receiving end are connected by an equivalent reactance. Basic Analysis of Radial System Active Power Transmission Applying the radial system in Figure 3.2, the relations can be easily calculated: Similarly, for the sending end: The familiar equations for and are equal since we assume a lossless system, and maximum power transferred is at a power load angle equal to 90 degree. Note that the 90-degree maximum power angle is nominal, in other words, maximum power occurs at a different angle if we apply transmission losses or resistive shunt loads. And the case with impedance load at the receiving end will be discussed in section 3.2.2. Reactive Power Transmission In the study of the static voltage stability in power system, the transmission of reactive power is especially of interest. Usually we are interested in variable voltage magnitudes. Particularly, we are interested in the reactive power that can be transmitted across a transmission line, or a transformer as the receiving-end voltage sags during a voltage emergency or collapse. Considering the reactive power flow over the transmission line alone, we can write approximate formulas for Equations (3.3) and (3.5) in terms of small angles by using : From Equations (3.6) and (3.7), it can be observed that reactive power transmission depends mainly on voltage magnitudes and flows from the higher voltage to the lower voltage. Such observation, however, cannot be applied in the case of high stress, i.e. high power transfers and angles, where the angle is large enough and no longer approaches 1. This is important as voltage stability problems normally happen during highly stressed conditions. Difficulties with Reactive Power Transmission Reactive Power Transmission Behavior in Different Cases First of all, take an example of the radial system in Figure 3.2, assuming X=0.2 p.u. with varied values of voltage magnitude and angles, i.e. varied loading conditions. Applying Equations (3.3) and (3.5), and can be calculated as listed in the following table: Conditions (p.u.) (p.u.) (degree) (p.u.) (p.u.) Lightly loaded 1.10 1.00 10 0.634 0.416 Moderately loaded 1.05 0.90 20 1.072 0.390 Heavily loaded 1.00 0.80 50 2.429 -0.629 Table 3.1 Reactive Power Transmission in varied conditions From the table, it is clear that at higher loading, transmission lines are more difficult to transfer reactive power and reactive power cannot be transmitted across large power angles (the value of becomes negative in the case with a power angle of 50 degree). Minimizing Transfer of Reactive Power High angles are due to long lines and high real power transfers. It is therefore required to maintain voltage magnitude profiles with voltages of approximately 1 p.u.. Compared with real power transfers, reactive power cannot be transmitted across long distances. It has been observed that the greater distance of the reactive power sources from the reactive demand will lead to: [9] greater voltage gradient on the lines supplying the reactive power greater amount of required reactive power compensation more difficult to control the voltage level Another reason to minimize the transfer of reactive power is minimizing the real and reactive losses. The purpose to reduce real losses is due to economic reasons while minimizing the reactive losses can reduce investment in reactive devices such as shunt capacitors. As we know, the losses across the series impedance of a transmission line are and . For , we have: and Obviously, to minimize losses, we should minimize reactive power transfer and keep voltage high at the same time. Keeping voltage high to minimize reactive losses helps maintain voltage stability. In other words, reactive power should be generated close to the receiving end. Power Flow Analysis In a power system, powers are known rather than currents. Thus power flow analysis is backbone of static voltage stability studies. Power flow analysis, also known as load flow analysis, involves the calculation of power flows and voltages of a transmission network for specified terminals or bus conditions. Bus Classification In solving a power flow problem, a power system is supposed to be operating under balanced conditions and a single-phase model is used. Associated with each bus are four quantities: active power P, reactive power Q, voltage magnitude , and voltage angle. The following types of buses (nodes) are represented, and at each bus two of the above four quantities are specified: Voltage-controlled (P-V) buses: These buses are the generator buses. They are also known as regulated buses or P-V buses. For such kind of buses, the real power P and voltage magnitude are specified, while the reactive power Q and the voltage angle are unknown. Load (P-Q) buses: Load buses are also called P-Q buses as their real power P and reactive power Q are specified. The voltage magnitude and angle are to be determined. Slack (Swing) bus: Such bus is taken as reference of the whole power system. For a slack bus, the voltage magnitude and voltage angle are specified. As the power losses in the system are not known a priori, at least one bus must have unspecified P and Q. Thus the slack bus is the only bus with known voltage. This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and generated power that are caused by the losses in the network [1]. Traditionally while analyzing, the voltage magnitude of slack bus is assumed to be 1 p.u. and the voltage angle is assumed to be 0 degree. Transmission Line Modeling The transmission line is traditionally represented with two types of models: nominal model and nominal T model, as shown in Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4 where Z is the series impedance and Y is the shunt admittance due to the line charging capacitance. Neither nominal T or nominal à Ã¢â€š ¬ exactly represent the actual line, however, they brings great convenience in the power flow analysis, especially in the application of NEWTON-RAPHSON method, which will be discussed in the coming section. Figure 3.3 Nominal Model Figure 3.4 Nominal T Model NEWTON-RAPHSON Power Flow Method In order to include all the three types of buses (P-V bus, P-Q bus and slack bus as introduced in 3.3.1) at the same case, a 3-bus power system is considered as shown in Figure 3.5, where Bus 1 is the slack bus, i.e. and are specified as . Bus 2 is a voltage-controlled bus, i.e. and are known while and are unknown. Bus 3 is a load bus, i.e. and are known while and are unknown. Figure 3.5 3-bus Power System The network performance equation of such a sample is: where Applying the bus-loading equations: Now NEWTON-RAPHSON Power Flow Method can be approached as: P-V Curve Analysis P-V curve is useful for conceptual analysis of static voltage stability and for study of radial system, where P is the load in an area and V is the voltage at a critical or representative bus. Besides, P can also be the power transferred across a transmission interface or interconnection. Voltage at several busses can be plotted. Consider the radial system as shown in Figure 3.2. The receiving-end active power can be expressed as in the Equation 3.2. Then a P-V cueve can be plotted as in Figure 3.6, which shows relationship between P and V at the receving end for different values of load power factor and the locus of the critical operting point is shown by the dotted line. Nornally, only the operting points above the locus of the critical points represent satisfying operating condition. A sudden reduction in power factor or increase in Q can thus cause the system to change from a stable operating condition to an unsatisfactory and possibly unstable [10]. Figure 3.6 V versus P for different power factors [10] Q-V Curve Analysis Q-V curve is presently the workhorse method of voltage stability analysis at many utilities [6]. Considering the system in Figure 3.2, we can obtain reactive power both at sending end and receiving end, or and by means of Equation (3.5) and Equation (3.3). Then a Q-V cueve can be plotted as in Figure 3.7, which shows relationship between Q and V. The reactive power margin is the MVAr distance from the operating point to either the bottom of the curve, or to a point thaere the voltage squared characteristic if an applied capacitor is tanfent to the V-Q curve [6]. Additionally, the slope of the V-Q curve indicates the stiffness of the bus. Figure 3.7 Typical Q V Curve A New Method for Static Voltage Stability Analysis: P-Q-V Curve Analysis Introduction of MATLAB Software MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language. Developed by The MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulation, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other languages [18]. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation. This project greatly benefits from MATLAB to handle 3-dimension curve drawing for P-Q-V curve study, as well as the matrix manipulation associated with power flow analysis, 2-dimension curve plotting for P-V/Q-V curve study in the analysis of WSCC nine-bus system, which will be described in details in CHAPTER 4. P-Q-V Curve In this section, for convenience of forming an ideal voltage source, we assume the angle of the to be zero while the angle of to be degree. Then Equation 3.2 and 3.3 become: Noting that We can eliminate in Equations 3.16 and 3.17, which obtains or Obviously, with specified , and , Equation 3.19 shows relationship of , and . To work out such relationship visually, MATLAB is applied and a P-Q-V curve is obtained as below, where P stands for , Q stands for V stands for and E stands for . Refer to Appendix A for details on MATLAB codes, with the assumsion that E = 1 , X= 0.2 and the values of tan are chosen randomly as [-0.41, -0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.41, 1, 10, 100, 1000]. Figure 3.8 P Q V Curve CHAPTER 4 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM Introduction of WSCC Nine-bus System WSCC nine-bus system is a typical testing system develped by Western Systems Coordinating Council. It is commonly uesd in jornals and papers for power system studying. Figure 4.1 shows an overview of the WSCC nine-bus system. Refer to Appendix H for parameters of this system. Figure 4.1 Single Line Diagram of WSCC Nine-bus System Introduction of UWPFLOW Software For determining the static voltage stability of the WSCC nine-bus system, UWPFLOW software is used. This software has been developed by University of Waterloo, Canada, and distributed free on the Power Globe. It was written in C and runs under DOS and UNIX enviroments. It has no limitation on the system size other than those imposed by memory limitation in the corresponding enviroment, i.e. RAM and swap space in the UNIX and exrended memory in DOS [16, 20]. UWPFLOW is a research tool that has been designed to calculate local bifurcation characterized by a singularity in the power system Jacobian. This was developed based on power flow method. This software also generates a series of output files that allow further analysis. UWPFLOW reads AC power flow data in WSCC format [11] or IEEE common format [12], DC data in ETMSP format [13], FACTS devices data in s special format described in [14], and steady state load model data in OH format [15]. However in the present study IEEE common format data is used. Additional UN format data is required for bifurcation analysis, such as direction of generation change, direction of load change and maximum genertion limit [10]. The software assumes that one parameter the loading factor, is allowed to change. All steady state system controls remain operational unless otherwise specified by means of the software option. Introduction of POWERWORLD Software POWERWORLD Simulator is an interactive power system simulation package designed to simulate high voltage power system operation on a time frame ranging from several minutes to several days [17]. POWERWORLD provides a linear programming based optimal power flow package Simulator OPF, which ideally suits to do power flow analysis. Whats more, the planning-mode tool Simulator PVQV fulfills the need of Q-V curve drawing. Throughout the project, PowerWorld Simulator will be used to carry out power flow analysis and Q-V curve study of the twelve-bus case. Analysis of WSCC Nine-bus System Direct Method: Repeated Power Flow First of all, the WSCC nine-bus system in Figure 4.1 is built in UWPFLOW software. By running the system and increasing the loading level of step by step, attention will be focused on getting convergence and the maximum loading level. For loading direction, assume all the loads are increased by the same ratio, and only generator at Bus-1 is allowed to dispatch required additional real power. With the load P and Q increased simultaneously with the ratio of 10%, in the same loading direction, the bus voltages in per unit measurement are tabulated in Table 4.1. Couples of data points are collected near the system divergence point. Table 4.1 has shown that the system started to collapse (or diverge) at the point where all loads at the 3 load buses are increased in the same direction till 116%. Note that in Table 4.1, the starting point is denoted as 0% as there is no additional loads added, which is named as basic load. Then we can conclude from Table 4.1 that the maximum loading level for the WSCC nine-bus system is at additional of 116% loading direction on all 3 load buses. Load Increment (%) Bus5 Bus7 Bus9 P (MW) Q (Mvar) V (p.u.) P (MW) Q (Mvar) V (p.u.) P (MW) Q (Mvar) V (p.u.) 0 90 30 1.0129 100 35 1.0162 125 50 1.0261 10 99 33 1.0069 110 38.5 1.0105 137.5 55 0.9886 20 108 36 1.004 120 42 1.0053 150 60 0.981 30 117 39 0.9928 130 45.5 0.999 162.5 65 0.972 40 126 42 0.9846 140 49 0.993 175 70 0.9625 50 135 45 0.9753 150 52.5 0.9862 187.5 75 0.9516 60 144 48 0.9648 160 56 0.979 200 80 0.9394 70 153 51 0.953 170 59.5 0.9711 212.5 85 0.9257 80 162 54 0.9396 180 63 0.9626 225 90 0.9102 90 171 57 0.9242 190 66.5 0.9532 237.5 95 0.8923 100 180 60 0.9061 200 70 0.9428 250 100 0.8714 110 189 63 0.881 210 73.5 0.9239 262.5 105 0.84 112 190.8 63.6 0.8737 212 74.2 0.9167 265 106 0.83 114 192.6 64.2 0.8657 214 74.9 0.9087 267.5 107 0.8191 115 193.5 64.5 0.86 215 75.25 0.9024 268.75 107.5