Employment Testing and Human Resource Management Article

Work Testing and Human Resource Management - Article Example The specialist expresses that while Ajila and Okafor give a nitty gritty and instructive record of business testing, the importance of such testing in Human Resource Management is given just shallow treatment. Ajila and Okafor characterize Human Resources Management, its target in coordinating authoritative objectives with worker aptitudes, and the utilization of business testing as a stage in any â€Å"comprehensive screening program†. The creators present an inside and out record of the cause and nature of business testing, starting with its underlying foundations in the trial of Francis Galton in 1883, and its development throughout the decades: from Alfred Binet’s scales, the Stanford-Binet test, and the Army Tests utilized in World War I. Ajila and Okafor proceed to characterize mental tests, and dissect business testing as far as legitimacy and dependability. As staff choice is one of the most critical highlights of Human Resource Management, the creators investig ate legitimacy (exactness, authenticity) and unwavering quality (reliability or consistency) regarding measures used to survey the â€Å"attributes identified with progress on the job†. The creators give a far reaching report of the different sorts of tests utilized in staff screening and determination, in light of psychological capacity, mechanical capacity, engine and tangible capacity, inclination, character, and information. By giving instances of every sort of test, the creators further clarify the idea of business testing and the reason and utilization of the various tests. Ajila and Okafor close with the unequivocal statement that business testing should be a piece of the procedure of faculty choice. While the writers give an admirably itemized examination of the historical backdrop of mental testing, and a thorough rundown of the sorts of tests, the article doesn't make a sufficient case for the incorporation of such testing in the work force choice procedure. Ajila a nd Okafor don't cite any investigations or examination to back their stand that work testing is a solid and legitimate strategy for staff determination.

Mr Rochester Character Analysis

Mr Rochester Character Analysis Edward Rochester doesn't take after a legend depicted in fantasies, characters who stay static all through the plot. He is somewhat a dynamic and round character that changes strikingly. He has values that are a long way from opportunity, regard, and honesty. In his practices to Jane, one can see sensational changes. As a matter of first importance, his being energetic, guided by his faculties as opposed to his reasonable brain, hauls him to wed a crazy lady. The circumstance of being hitched to a frantic lady, and further being deceived by his own family for cash matters, makes him an untouchable in spite of his high societal position. He feels caught and all the falsehoods Rochester accepts before long structure a feeling of doubt, and cause him develop increasingly more far off from society. Also, Rochester is a critical dissident who won't acknowledge and respect the sets of society. It is just when he meets Jane, a lady who is mentally equivalent to him and ethically unrivaled than him and who comprehends his actual nature, that his affectability is uncovered. He totally neglects to see his social status and overlooks others suppositions, and unmistakably becomes hopelessly enamored with Jane. As opposed to holding fitting class limits, Rochester causes her to feel as though he were my connection as opposed to my lord. (242) He cherishes Jane in a genuinely plain however in an intellectually profound manner which shows that he isn't shallow. In any case, his sad union with Bertha Mason turns into a snag to his association with Jane.This time Rochester,ã‚â purposely outsiders himself from his previous enchained existence with Bertha in look for a genuine possibility for genuine affection. An incredible arrangement is composed and examined about Rochesters marriage and character which joins a great deal of inquiries. Despite the fact that Rochester didnt realize his significant other was crazy, would he be able to be accused for the union with a lady he barely knew? Under English law at that point, a man whose spouse became crazy couldn't get a separation. Be that as it may, is Mr. Rochesters approach to manage this issue by concealing his distraught spouse away the best activity? Also, does the way that he thinks he merits satisfaction give him the option to beguile the lady he adores? The facts confirm that he is frantically infatuated with Jane, yet the reality remains that his way to deal with win and secure her as a spouse wasn't right for Mr. Rochester was impolite of the truth. He couldn't have cared less about what sort of a position it would put the others when he got what he wished, wedding Jane. Rochester was resolved to wed her and he didn't consider the unethical behavior of the marriage considering he was at that point wedded to Bertha Manson despite the fact that one can get it would be destroying for Jane. Anyway Jane draws out the best in him particularly as the story propels close to the end, their disparities causes the illumination. Bronte utilizes Jane as a light to shed on Rochesters character. At long last he turns into a renewed person, his dull insider facts and characteristics stops to be a piece of his life. As I referenced to start with, the premise of Rochesters defective life was his dim insider facts, and past alongside an embarrassment or sin. And all these become trivial just when the real situation is uncovered and when all the shrouded realities are helped. He is the principal individual in the novel to offer Jane enduring adoration and a genuine home. Despite the fact that Rochester is Janes social and financial prevalent, and in spite of the fact that men were generally viewed as normally better than ladies in the Victorian time frame, Jane is Rochesters scholarly equivalent. Additionally, Jane ends up being his ethical predominant sometime later that Rochesters union with Bertha is uncovered. Before meeting Jane his character was wild and rash. Jane helped him recuperate his injuries and go up against with himself. Keeping privileged insights about himself and his past could do no good thing for him however just advanced untruthfulness and annihilated his relationship with Jan e. What's more, just when he could break the chains from his past might he be able to be free and become a renewed person. Towards the finish of the novel, Rochester develops and creates from his affliction permitting the two characters to proceed onward and discover satisfaction together. He at last pays for his transgressions, he turns into an appropriately delicate spouse for Jane, who ethically controls and amends him at books end.

The first step

The first step MIT is harder than your high school. In many cases, MIT is harder than your high school in ways you cant even begin to imagine. A thousand freshmen show up here every fall, bright-eyed and bushy-tailed and fresh from a world where they were the BEST and always got As and never had to ask anybody for help. As you might imagine, sticking 1000 of the brightest kids in the world on a single college campus means that not all of them will be #1 anymore. This is not Lake Wobegon not everybody gets to be above average. So one of the most important things youll learn in your first year at MIT isnt how to integrate that particularly hairy trig integral, or how to predict the products of that incredibly complex organic chemistry reaction. Its how to ask for help. Help in the classroom The most garden-variety way to ask for help is to find another person in your class and pick his or her brain about the problem set or concept with which youre having trouble. Due to MITs General Institute Requirements, freshmen often find themselves living with a large group of people who are taking the same classes that they are, and its really common for freshmen to form big groups which study and do problem sets together. (Actually, I should say that its really uncommon not to do that.) Theres always a big group of freshmen in my entrys lounge on Thursday nights doing 18.03 (diff eq) together; a smaller group gathers to do 8.02 (physics EM) or 7.013 (biology). Everyone is always happy to lend a hand its not in the MIT student makeup to be catty or cutthroat. Plus, Im not going to lie everybodys good at different stuff, and the kid who just doesnt get biology is often the one who helps your entire group through the calc pset. If your study group is puzzled over a particular concept, the next step is to call in your favorite upperclassman expert. All the dorms and living groups at MIT consist of people from all four years (there are no freshman dorms or anything awful like that), so an upperclassman is usually only a few feet away. Im the point person for 7.013 over the last three years, I think Ive helped my entire entry through intro biology; Fadam 07 is the local expert on anything physics-related. In my experience, upperclassmen always love to help it really solidifies your knowledge of a concept when you have to explain it to somebody else. When your study group is lost and your local expert is useless, your next stop is a TA or professor for the class. Most TAs at MIT are graduate students (although some are professors!), and as such theyre available by email almost 24 hours a day. TAs and professors also hold weekly scheduled office hours, and students are encouraged to drop in and talk, whether about class concepts in general or about a specific type of problem. If you have a shorter question, you could also stay after lecture and catch the professor for a few minutes; theyre always willing to help out a student. Many classes or departments also have tutoring resources available my friend Stephen 05 was a tutor for biology, and he held court in his room at all hours of the night for confused students. Help in real life Of course, the classroom isnt the only place where you might need help in college, and again there are several stops on the help train. If you have a personal crisis, the first place to stop is again probably your group of friends. MITs residence selection process tends to foster incredibly close relationships among people who live together youre not just living in some random room, youre living with people with whom you chose to live. I cant count the number of times Ive slipped into a friends room past midnight to freak out about boys and parents and school and life. For serious problems, you might also consider speaking with your GRT (graduate resident tutor, the graduate student who lives in your living group and watches out for all the undergrads) or your housemaster (the faculty member who lives in your dorm). You could also call Nightline, the student-staffed night help line which answers questions about anything under the sun or just provides a listening ear to any student who needs to talk. In stressful times, there are other resources at MIT. One I particularly like is Student Support Services, home of the counseling deans. The counseling deans are there to provide support to MIT students in personal matters, but particularly as liasons to the academic administration. Last spring, Adam caught a nasty case of the flu right before final exams, and the counseling deans got him excused from his finals so he could get better before having to take the tests. It was really easy, and we were both very grateful to the counseling deans for being so understanding and supportive. For other serious problems, you can also head to MIT Medicals Mental Health services, which and confidential and (bonus!) free with tuition. :) I really think the myriad sources of support available at MIT are one of the things that makes our little community great. Nobody slips through the cracks here. You might be identified by your course number or the building number of your dorm, but you personally are not a number at MIT, and thats that.

How the Macbeth Witches Drive the Plays Plot

Macbeth is known to be a story about the desire for power of the protagonist and his wife, but theres a trio of characters that shouldnt be left out: the witches. Without the Macbeth witches, there would simply be no story to tell, as they move the plot. The Five Prophesies of the Macbeth Witches During the play, the Macbeth witches make five key prophesies: Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor—and eventually King of Scotland.Banquo’s children will become kings.Macbeth should â€Å"beware Macduff.†Macbeth cannot be harmed by anyone â€Å"of woman born.†Macbeth cannot be beaten until â€Å"Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane shall come.† Four of these predictions are realized during the course of the play, but one is not. We do not see Banquo’s children become kings; however, the real King James I was thought to be descended from Banquo, so there could still be truth to the Macbeth witches prophesy. Although the three witches appear to have great skill at prophesying, its not certain if their prophecies really are preordained.  If not, do they simply encourage Macbeth to actively construct his own fate? After all, it seems to be part of Macbeth’s character to shape his life according to the predictions (whereas Banquo does not). This might explain why the only prophecy not realized by the end of the play relates directly to Banquo and cannot be shaped by Macbeth (although Macbeth would also have little control over the â€Å"Great Birnam Wood† prophecy). The Macbeth Witches Influence The witches in Macbeth are important because they provide Macbeth’s primary call to action. The witches prophesies also affect Lady Macbeth, albeit indirectly when Macbeth writes his wife about seeing the weird sisters, as he calls them. After reading his letter, shes immediately prepared to plot to murder the king and worries her husband will be too full o  th milk of human kindness to commit such an act. Although Macbeth initially doesnt think he could do such a thing, Lady  Macbeth  has no question in her mind that they would succeed. Her ambition steels him. Thus, the witches influence on Lady Macbeth only increases their effect on Macbeth himself—and, by extension, the entire plot of the play. The Macbeth witches provide the dynamism that has made  Macbeth  one of Shakespeare’s most intense  plays. How the 3 Witches Stand Out Shakespeare  used a number of devices to create a sense of otherness and malevolence for the  Macbeth  witches. For example, the witches speak in rhyming couplets, which distinguishes them from all other characters; this poetic device  has made their lines among the plays most memorable: Double, double toil and trouble; / Fire burn, and cauldron bubble. Also, the Macbeth witches are said to have beards, making them difficult to identify as either gender. Last, they are always accompanied by storms and bad weather. Collectively, these traits make them appear otherworldly. The Witches Question for Us By giving the Macbeth witches their plot-pushing role in the play, Shakespeare is asking an age-old question: Are our lives already mapped out for us, or do we have a hand in what happens? At the end of the play, the audience is forced to consider the extent to which the characters have control over their own lives. The debate over free will versus Gods preordained plan for humanity has been debated for centuries and continues to be debated today.

Are Women Less Privileged Today s Society Than Men

Are women less privileged in today’s society than men? Yes, women face many issues on a regular basis that men don’t experience to the same extent. Women are victim to sexual violence, domestic abuse, and gender bias. Firstly, a very common violation to the human rights of women, is sexual violence and harassment. This is a very extensive topic, covering much more than just sexual assault. Sexual violence covers street harassment, unwanted sexual touching or comments, rape, and consent issues. Secondly, women face domestic abuse very often in today s society, it is rarely discussed, and it covers physical, sexual, and mental abuse, as well as marital rape. Lastly, the final point to be covered in this essay would be gender bias, gender bias occurs in the workplace, schools, the home, public places, and can be a very disturbing public violation of women s rights. In conclusion, this essay will be looking into each of these topics in depth, explaining that women are inde ed less privileged in today s society than men. Firstly, Women are less privileged in today s society because of the overwhelming numbers of sexualy based crimes and harrasments. Women face harassment on a daily basis, even in the western society women are troubled with the fear of these humiliating and often violent forms of discrimination. Sexual harassment and violence is a vast topic because of the different forms in which it takes. but the most common forms consist of catcalling, unwanted sexualShow MoreRelatedThe Article On Young Female Student Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthat’s why we’re here today.† Those 15 words that ignited the fire. One would not find themselves choosing to be raped behind a dumpster and publically humiliated all while being drunkenly blacked out and unconscious. 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Buddhist Zen Free Essays

string(113) " in the most important places, India and China where Zen Buddhism flourished \(Dumoulin, 1979; Dumoulin, 2005\)\." Buddhism is one of the major religions of the ancient civilization which had been retained and even strengthened through the course of the human development. It has different schools of thought. Included in these subdivisions is the Zen Buddhism which can be directly described as the school of thought that deals mainly with the different principles of the inner self related to meditation. We will write a custom essay sample on Buddhist Zen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Along with the Zen Buddhism, which is also referred to as Ch’an or Son, are the other schools such as the Mahayana, Theravada, and Vajrayana (Yool, 1992). Zen can be defined through different aspects and meanings. One of the main definitions of Zen is related to meditation. On the other hand, certain groups perceive Zen as independent from Zen Buddhism. The main objective of the study that was conducted is to be able to present a view on the main principles of Zen Buddhism and related practices. Also, due to the development of these principles, there are different approaches to the practice of Zen Buddhism. The varying approaches and kinds of Zen Buddhism on the basis of location and principles are included in the main issue discussed and studied in research that was conducted. Specifically the objectives of the research revolve around the view on Zen Buddhism. One is to be able to discuss the origin and the history of Zen Buddhism to be able to determine the possible basis of the principles and beliefs of the religion. Another objective is to be able to present the different principles and beliefs of Zen Buddhism. Based on the beliefs and practices, there are different forms of Zen Buddhism. Included in the types are the schools of thought that fall under Zen. In addition, the development of Zen in the different countries is also included in the topics that will be discussed. Another objective is to be able to present a comparative analysis of the Zen and the Pureland Buddhism. Upon the determination of the development of Zen Buddhism through the course of history and the different localities, it is important to determine the importance of the school of thought in the modern era, a view against the concepts of the modern world. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Being one of the major religions in the ancient and modern society, the study focused on the related issue can be considered as essential especially to the determination of the culture and development of the society wherein the religion and the belief originated and flourished. This is due to the fact that Zen Buddhism, being one of the schools of thought of Buddhism, can be considered to have a significant influence to the views and beliefs of the present society. The study can contribute in the increase of consciousness of the public on the belief of one of the most important schools of thought. The aim of the study is to present a particular view on Zen Buddhism and its present role in the modern society. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The study that was conducted is mainly based on the research that was undertaken prior to the study. These include the documents that express the written account of the Zen Buddhism, with its principles, teachings and roles in the culture. One extensive account and study was conducted by D. T. Suzuki which includes a compilation of the practices incorporated in Zen Buddhism. The author presented an in depth organization of knowledge on Zen Buddhism that can be considered as one of the contributing factors in the increase of interest in the subject. Being one of the forerunners in the study of Zen Buddhism, the works of Suzuki can be considered as an importance reference in the study related to Zen. Based on the study, Zen can be defined as a way of life that focuses on the being itself. The factors that revolve around the person and his environment are the main concern of the principles of Zen. It describes the different process mainly targeting the spirit to be able to achieve freedom specifically on the spiritual aspect, the beliefs equating to a positive outlook in life (Suzuki, 1960). The main concentration is the body where in development of the view and outlook of the person can be improved. Once the freedom of the spirit is achieved, the state of happiness can ultimately be viewed and experienced on the basis of the freedom of the spirit. On the basis of different writings, the principles of Zen can be interpreted on different approaches and forms. The Doctrine of Enlightenment can be considered as one of the basic teachings related to Zen in China. On the study that was conducted, the analysis was based on the concept of happiness as presented by Zen Buddhism. One of the issues that were discussed is in relation to the position of Zen Buddhism in the principles of Buddhism as a school of thought. This can be attributed to the fact that there are questions on the relationship of Zen Buddhism in the main teachings of Buddhism. These queries are related to the differences on the principles of Zen with the main body of Buddhism. Certain groups even consider Zen Buddhism as an aversion from the teachings of Buddhism. But it is important to consider two scenarios in the judgment of whether the teachings divert from the true sense of Buddhism or not. One focus can be of the methods or techniques to be able to achieve the ends of the beliefs. For example, to be able to achieve happiness or the state of enlightenment there are certain differences for Zen Buddhism and the original Buddhism in India (Suzuki, 1961). Another view in terms of the historical focus on the definition and application of Zen Buddhism, H. , Dumoulin is one of the most important authors. The focus of the works presented is Zen enlightenment and the historical origins of Zen Buddhism specifically in the most important places, India and China where Zen Buddhism flourished (Dumoulin, 1979; Dumoulin, 2005). You read "Buddhist Zen" in category "Papers" Zen Buddhism, even against the beliefs of other groups is one of the major divisions of Buddhism that originated in India but developed in the China. Presented in the said work are queries that can be related to the diverting values and even origins of Zen and Buddhism (Dumoulin, 2005). These cases can be viewed as the different sides of a complex concept. But it is important to consider, though, that the application of principles of religion and even traditions adapt to the needs of the particular locality and group of people. Thus, such queries can be considered significant only on the perspective that it can lead to more exploration of the issue. The superficial judgment and analysis of the religion and culture can be considered futile specifically when the standards are set by the factions that are not intrinsic of the group. Another important query to consider is the areas to consider in the study of Zen Buddhism. There are different outlooks and views regarding Zen Buddhism. These views include the psychological, the ontological and the epistemological views. It is important to consider that the role and the principles of Zen Buddhism transcend the different inclusions that are tend to be set by the different fields of disciplines (Suzuki, 1961; Suzuki, 1962). It is then important to consider the fact that in issues such as conceptual definitions, the limitations to the definitions that are often set hinders the probability of understanding. Although this is the case, it is important to set standards and classification yardstick to be able to capture the essence of the term. In a study of concepts and views of any area, it is important to consider that the presentation of data is needed to focus on a district aspect. This is due to the fact that these concepts, e. g. religion cannot be delineated by standards because the effects extend through different aspects and facets. Understanding then requires presentation of a certain aspect and the background of the concept. Zen Buddhism can be considered as an important area of Buddhism, an important area of study due to the effects on the culture of the particular areas that practice the belief. One of the ways to be able to present and achieve an understanding is to target a particular area. In the study conducted, the different approaches and types of Zen Buddhism developed in different locality is the main concentration. Although this is the case, to be able to present a view means to create the environment and the factors and relationships related to the issue. In the study of Zen Buddhism, the determination of the relationship of the principles of Zen to the issues of the modern society is another important focus. One example that can be given is the relationship of Zen Buddhism on psychology and psychotherapy. The relationship can be attributed to the fact that the principles of the religion target the achievement of a state of being which usually affects both the psychological state. It can clearly be related to the goal to achieve a certain level of consciousness. One scenario that was studies was related to the interaction of the eastern and the western methods, namely psychotherapy and Buddhism. These methods are both aimed to be able to improve the behavioral state of an individual. The eastern method as the traditional method is represented by Buddhism and the western method is represented by psychotherapy as the modern method. But this is only one of the situations that describe the extent of coverage of Zen and Zen Buddhism on the society (Muramoto Young-Eisendrath, 2002). METHODOLOGY To be able to determine and present an overview on the philosophies and beliefs of Zen Buddhism mainly the different approaches and types, the use of a descriptive type of research was conducted. The objective in this type of research is mainly to present a particular perspective on the topic of interest. It also presents the possible factors and issues that can be related to the subject that is under study. It was undertaken through the study of the information that is made available through prior work of contemporary authors. The research was conducted through the integration of the different published references and other available sources. The issue that deals with the view of the population can be presented through the gathering of information related to the issue. The method that was utilized in the process is qualitative research. The said method can be utilized for historical and conceptual issues that are given an in depth view. In relation to the results of the study that was conducted, an investigation on the documents and published works that were conducted prior to the research is one of the primary phases undertaken to be able to achieve the set goals. The areas that can be considered of priority include the subjects and issues related to Zen Buddhism such as its origin and history. The principles and beliefs related to Zen Buddhism are the basic knowledge also included in the research. From these principles variations and forms are then studied on the basis of the locality and place of origin. Also included in the search for references are the sources that can be utilized for the discussion and comparative analysis of Zen and the Pureland Buddhism. Mainly, the achievement of the needed data was undertaken through data gathering on the printed and published works on the topic. Description, data gathering of pertinent information and analysis are included in the process undertaken to be able to achieve the goals of the research. The analysis of the data gathered that are essential to the topic is done mainly through the process of induction (Baum, 1984; Hoepfl, 1997). In the research undertaken, the presentation of the overview and the different approaches to Zen Buddhism along with the present role of the school of thought in the present generation is the mainly based on the accumulated facts and organized data from reputable and historical published records and studies. The concepts that were gathered were recorded, measured, organized and analyzed to be able to come up with the output from published references. The works done by different authors are the main basis of the generalization and conclusion that are established. This phase is important primarily on the basis that the conclusion can be considered as the main end of the process of research. In any sociological process that is under study, there are always varying sides and approaches, which are included in the important part of the research conducted. RESULTS The issues related to Zen Buddhism revolve on different concepts which mainly include Zen, Buddhism and the different forms of Zen Buddhism. These terms are the primary phase to be able to achieve an understanding of Zen Buddhism, the different forms and the present role in the modern society. I. An Introduction to Zen Buddhism Zen Buddhism Defined There are different attributes within which Zen can be defined and described. This can be attributed to the fact that the concept can affect different facets and aspects namely including religion, arts, culture and even the different facets of an individual. Zen can be considered as the art improving oneself on the basis of freeing the spiritual well being. The state of freedom and the achievement of enlightenment can be considered as the major goal. From the point of view of the Zen Buddhism, improving the inner person can strengthen other aspects of a person. The body is considered as the most important instrument in the principles of the group (Suzuki, 1961). The main teachings revolve around the fact that the enlightenment and freedom should be achieved by the soul and the spiritual segment of an individual. Etymological Perspective Based on etymological meaning Zen can be attributed as a short term for zenna, which can be traced as related to the Mandarin term channa. Literally, the term is related to the Sanskrit term (dhyana) or meditation. In Chinese writing it is chan, Seon in Korea and Thi? n in Vietnam. Due to the differences in equivalent terms in different locality, it can be considered important to present the principles on the basis of the development in different localities (Dumoulin, 2005). Zen is one of the sects of Buddhism. It is one of the important schools of thought that mainly focus on meditation, also referred to as zazen. The main focus is the stage of enlightenment through wisdom of the spirit. The main proponent and founder of Buddhism is Buddha Siddhartha Gautama. Being one of the important subdivisions of Buddhism, it is considered to have an important religious and experiential effect on the believers and practitioners. Due to the fact that the teachings are based on theoretical established thought, Zen Buddhism is considered to be a school of religious thought. This can be translated as a basis for decision making for different cultures in Asia, e. g. India and China (Dumoulin, 2005; Suzuki, 1960). Variety of Meanings of Zen Zen can be of different meanings on different people on the basis of their orientation and affective factors. Although the principles of Zen are meant to be basic, the interpretation often varies, creating different perspective and subjective meaning to the term. The term Zen has different related meanings. One is meditation which can be related to its etymological interpretation and basic meaning in Buddhism (Dumoulin, 2005; Suzuki, 1960). Aside form the said interpretation the other possible meanings of Zen are cosmic reality and the meaning in Zen Buddhism (Kit, 2002). It is important though to consider the fact that to be able to achieve a clear grasp of the meaning of Zen Buddhism, the primary issue to consider is the understanding of Buddhism as a religion. This is due to the fact that Zen Buddhism and its techniques are rooted to the religion that originated in India although many people may contradict due to differences of superficial representations of the two subject matters (Dumoulin, 2005). The discussion on the true meaning of Zen, even at the simplest perspective can be considered as a complex process. One view is Zen Buddhism being a religion. This is the basis perspective since Buddhism is one of the most important and most established religions. It is important to consider the fact that Zen cannot be captured in just a single definition due to the complexity of its role. In that case, Zen can be considered as a synergy of different definitions and roles which vary on the basis of the perspective needed. Zen Buddhism can be a way of life, a culture and a religious principle. Subjectivity can also play an influential role in the definition of Zen Buddhism. Thus, it is important to consider the different approaches to the study of Zen. One important perspective is the historical basis of classification, mainly based on the development over a timeline. Origin and History of Zen Buddhism In the study of the history of Buddhism, it is important to consider the development and the spread of Buddhism in different countries in Asia. This can be considered important to be able to determine the development of the varying approaches in the practice of Zen Buddhism. The Buddhism Timeline To be able to determine the root of the principles of Zen Buddhism, it is important to study the timeline in the development of the said school of thought. Due to the fact t hat Buddhism can be considered as one of the oldest and most established religions in Asia, the origins of Buddhism can be traced back to the 500 BC. This is the time wherein Buddhism was established (Dumoulin, 2005; McCowan, n. d. ; Suzuki, 1960). Although this is the case, the influences in the practices incorporated in Buddhism can be traced back even through the prehistoric period, wherein the Indus Valley civilization can already be observed to practice meditation. This practice can be considered as one of the most important activity and the basis for the activity of the Zen Buddhism. On the other hand, the said practice was brought to India due to movements of different groups of people. Included in the cultures and traditions that was given to India is the Vedas, Brahma, priesthood, the caste and rituals. Also the strengthening of the Dharmic religions which occurred through the 1800 to 470 BCE is followed by the birth of the founder of Buddhism between 624 to 560 BCE (Watterson, 2004). The period of enlightenment of the great teacher of Buddhism in 589 to 525 BCE, can be considered as the revelation of the basic teachings and principles of Buddhism. The commencement of the Four Noble Truths occurred in the Dhamma-vinaya, the religion he established. But after his death between 544-480 BCE, the Buddhists Council became active in the establishment of the religion. The 1st – 3rd Buddhist Councils expanded the coverage of the religion and even included leaders of the country such as King Asoka who converted in 297 BCE. In the said councils the different issues related to Buddhism are discussed and resolved (Watterson, 2004). During this period, the influence of Buddhism reached other parts of Asia, causing the rise of the different forms of Buddhism in different countries which can be attributed to the local and domestic cultures and traditions of the particular area. Buddhism can be considered to adapt and blend to the culture of the people. How to cite Buddhist Zen, Papers

Seminar Topics free essay sample

Although related to cryptography, they are not the same. Steganography’s intent is to hide the existence of the message, while cryptography scrambles a message so that it cannot be understood. Steganography is one of various data hiding techniques, which aims at transmitting a message on a channel where some other kind of information is already being transmitted. This distinguishes Steganography from covert channel techniques, which instead of trying to transmit data between two entities that were unconnected before.The goal of Steganography is to hide messages inside other â€Å"harmless† messages in a way that does not allow any â€Å"enemy† to even detect that there is a second secret message present. The only missing information for the â€Å"enemy† is the short easily exchangeable random number sequence, the secret key, without the secret key, the â€Å"enemy† should not have the slightest chance of even becoming suspicious that on an observed communication channel, hidden communication might take place. We will write a custom essay sample on Seminar Topics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Modern steganography entered the world in 1985 with the advent of the personal computer being applied to classical steganography problems. [4] Development following that was slow, but has since taken off, going by the number of stego programs available: Over 800 digital steganography applications have been identified by the Steganography Analysis and Research Center. [5] Digital steganography techniques include: ? Concealing messages within the lowest bits of noisyimages or sound files. ?Concealing data within encrypted data or within random data. Seminar Topics free essay sample I think that Chief Bromden is really insane. He may not have been insane previous to his admission to the psychiatric hospital but due to the neglect from society and belittling of the hospital, Chief has been turned into a paranoid, insecure and reserved man. 2. I do not believe that McMurphy is in need of psychiatric treatment. During this part of the novel, it is clear that he has behavioural issues but he seems to simply be an intelligent, conning, gambling man. . Because of the frequent hallucinations that Chief undergoes, it is difficult to tell whether what he is saying is the truth or not. In my opinion, I believe we can take his word for some things but not all. 4. I suppose that Hardings problem is strictly with women. He states that everyone in the ward is a rabbit in a world ruled by wolves. They are in the hospital because they are unable to accept their roles as rabbits. We will write a custom essay sample on Seminar Topics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nurse Ratched is one of the wolves, and she is there to train them to accept their rabbit roles. 5. Her large breasts emit both sexuality and emphasize her role as a twisted mother figure for the ward. She is able to act as the angel of mercy while at the same time shaming her patients into submission. 6. The female characters can be divided into ball-cutters and whores which have been represented by Nurse Ratched, Hardings wife, Billys mother and Chief Bromdens mother. 7. So many school boards have banned this book because there was complaints that the book was pornographic, glorifies criminal activity, has a tendency to corrupt juveniles and contains descriptions of bestiality, bizarre violence and torture, dismemberment, death and human elimination, and that the book promotes secular humanism. 8. I believe the central character can be debated upon whether it is Chief Bromden or McMurphy. Chief is the narrator and describes a lot of events that happen to him but also about how McMurphy is changing everything and all the events that surround him. After researching some of the events that occurred in the 1950s, I believe that the treatment was outrageous. They used lobotomies and electro-shock therapy as we learned in the novel but they also forced patients into ice baths and forced them to sleep in wooden cribs stacked three patients high. Today, it is supposed that they take care of the patients a lot better with certain medications and proper hygienic care. 10. I believe that the attendants are portrayed in a racist fashion because of the era that this ook was written and that the blacks were seen as less important. 11. I believe that Chief pretends to be deaf and dumb because it makes him able to be distinct from the world while interacting with it on the terms he finds acceptable. It could also be a defence mechanism, seeing as he is so tall and large. 12. Nurse Ratched controls the patients by manipulating and emasculating them. She uses her strategic use of shame and guilt as well as determination to divide and conquer her patients.

The Top 10 Unsolved Questions in Economics

The Top 10 Unsolved Questions in Economics There are many problems in the economic world that have yet to be solved, and fortunately, Wikipedia  has compiled a list of the greatest ones to date - from what caused the Industrial Revolution to whether or not money supply is endogenous. Although great economists like Craig Newmark and members of the AEA have taken a stab at solving these tough issues, the true solution to these problems - that is to say the generally understood and accepted truth of the matter - has yet to come to light. To say a question is unsolved implies that the question potentially has a solution, in the same way 2x 4 8 has a solution. The difficulty is, most of the questions on this list are so vague that they cannot possibly have a solution. Nevertheless, here are the top ten unsolved economic problems. 1. What Caused the Industrial Revolution? Although there are many factors at play in causing the Industrial Revolution, the economic answer to this question has yet to be sussed out. However, no event has a single cause - the Civil War was not wholly caused by slavery and World War I was not wholly caused by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. This is a question without a solution, as events have numerous causes and determining which ones were more important than others naturally involves some subjectivity. While some might argue that a strong middle-class, mercantilism and the development of an empire, and an easily moveable and growing urban population who increasingly believed in materialism led to the Industrial Revolution in England, others might argue the countrys isolation from European continental problems or the nations common market led to this growth. 2. What Is the Proper Size and Scope of Government? This question again has no real objective answer, because people will always have differing views on the argument of efficiency versus equity in governance. Even if a population managed to fully understand the exact trade-off that was being made in each case, the size and scope of a government largely depend on its citizenrys dependence on its influence. New countries, like the United States in its early days, relied on a centralized government to maintain order and oversee rapid growth and expansion. Over time, it has had to decentralize some of its authority to the state and local levels in order to better represent its vastly diverse population. Still, some might argue the government should be larger and control more due to our reliance on it domestically and abroad. 3. What Truly Caused the Great Depression? Much like the first question, the cause of the Great Depression cant be pinpointed because so many factors were at play in the eventual crash of the United States economies in the late 1920s. However, unlike the Industrial Revolution, whose many factors also included advances outside of economy, the Great Depression was primarily caused by a catastrophic intersection of economic factors. Economists commonly believe five factors ultimately resulted in the Great Depression: the stock market crash in 1929, over 3,000 banks failing throughout the 1930s, reduction in purchasing (demand) in the market itself, American policy with Europe, and drought conditions in Americas farmland. 4. Can We Explain the Equity Premium Puzzle? In short, no we have not yet. This puzzle refers to the strange occurrence of returns on stocks being much higher than returns on government bonds over the past century, and economists are still baffled by what could truly be the cause. Some posit that either risk aversion may be at play here, or antithetically that large consumption variability accounted for the discrepancy in return capital. However, the notion that stocks are riskier than bonds isnt enough to account for this risk aversion as a means to alleviate arbitrage opportunities within a countrys economy. 5. How Is It Possible to Provide Causal Explanations Using Mathematical Economics? Because mathematical economics relies on purely logical constructions, some might wonder how an economist might use causal explanations in their theories, but this problem isnt quite that difficult to solve. Like physics, which can provide causal explanations like a projectile traveled 440 feet because it was launched at point x from angle y at velocity z, etc., mathematical economics can explain the correlation between events in a market that follow the logical functions of its core principles. 6. Is There an Equivalent of Black-Scholes for Futures Contract Pricing? The Black-Scholes formula estimates, with relative accuracy, the price of European-style options in a trading market. Its creation led to a newfound legitimacy of the operations of options in markets globally, including the Chicago Board Options Exchange, and is often used by participants of options markets to predict future returns. Although variations of this formula, including notably the Black formula, have been made in financial economic analyses, this still proves to be the most accurate prediction formula for markets around the world, so there is still yet to be an equivalent introduced to the options market. 7. What Is the Microeconomic Foundation of Inflation? If we treat money such as any other commodity in our economy and as such is subject to the same supply and demand forces, reason would suggest it would be just as susceptible to inflation as goods and services are. However, if you consider this question like one considers the question of which came first, the chicken or the egg, it may be best left as a rhetorical one. The basis, of course, is that we do treat our currency like a good or service, but where this originates doesnt truly have one answer. 8. Is the Money Supply Endogenous? Wikipedia follows up this question with a simple statement: Mainstream economics claims that it is; post-Keynesian economics claims that it is not. However, the issue isnt uniquely about endogeneity, which, strictly speaking, is a modeling assumption. If the question is properly constructed, I think this could be considered one of the key problems in economics. 9. How Does Price Formation Occur? In any given market, prices are formed by a variety of factors, and just like the question of the microeconomic foundation of inflation, theres no true answer to its origins, though one explanation posits that each seller in a market forms a price depending on probabilities within the market which in turn depends on the probabilities of other sellers, meaning that prices are determined by how these sellers interact with one another and their consumers. However, this idea that prices are determined by the markets overlooks several key factors including that some goods or service markets dont have a set market price as some markets are volatile while others are stable - all depending on the veracity of information available to buyers and sellers. 10. What Causes the Variation of Income Among Ethnic Groups? Much like the causes of the Great Depression and the Industrial Revolution, the exact cause of income disparity between ethnic groups cannot be pinpointed to a single source. Instead, a variety of factors ​are at play depending on where one is observing the data, though it mostly comes down to institutionalized prejudices within the job market, availability of resources to different ethnic and their relative economic groups, and employment opportunities in localities featuring varying degrees of ethnic population density.

Biography of Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986)

Biography of Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) Jorge Luà ­s Borges was an Argentine writer who specialized in short stories, poems, and essays. Although he never wrote a novel, he is considered one of the most important writers of his generation, not only in his native Argentina but around the world. Often imitated but never duplicated, his innovative style and stunning concepts made him a â€Å"writer’s writer,† a favorite inspiration for storytellers everywhere. Early Life Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luà ­s Borges was born in Buenos Aires on August 24, 1899, to middle-class parents from a family with a distinguished military background. His paternal grandmother was English, and young Jorge mastered English at an early age. They lived in the Palermo district of Buenos Aires, which at the time was a bit rough. The family moved to Geneva, Switzerland, in 1914 and remained there for the duration of the First World War. Jorge graduated from high school in 1918 and picked up German and French while he was in Europe. Ultra and Ultraism The family traveled around Spain after the war, visiting several cities before moving back to Buenos Aires in Argentina. During his time in Europe, Borges was exposed to several groundbreaking writers and literary movements. While in Madrid, Borges participated in the founding of Ultraism, a literary movement that sought a new sort of poetry, free from form and maudlin imagery. Together with a handful of other young writers, he published the literary journal Ultra. Borges returned to Buenos Aires in 1921 and brought his avant-garde ideas with him. Early Work in Argentina: Back in Buenos Aires, Borges wasted no time in establishing new literary journals. He helped found the journal Proa, and published several poems with the journal Martà ­n Fierro, named after the famous Argentine Epic Poem. In 1923 he published his first book of poems, Fervor de Buenos Aires. He followed this with other volumes, including Luna de Enfrente in 1925 and the award-winning Cuaderno de San Martà ­n in 1929. Borges would later grow to disdain his early works, essentially disowning them as too heavy on local color. He even went so far as to buy copies of old journals and books in order to burn them. Short Stories by Jorge Luis Borges: In the 1930s and 1940s, Borges began writing short fiction, the genre which would make him famous. During the 1930s, he published several stories in the various literary journals in Buenos Aires. He released his first collection of stories, The Garden of Forking Paths, in 1941 and followed it up shortly thereafter with Artifices. The two were combined into Ficciones in 1944. In 1949 he published El Aleph, his second major collection of short stories. These two collections represent Borges’ most important work, containing several dazzling stories that took Latin American literature in a new direction. Under the Perà ³n Regime: Although he was a literary radical, Borges was a bit of a conservative in his private and political life, and he suffered under the liberal Juan Perà ³n dictatorship, although he was not jailed like some high profile dissidents. His reputation was growing, and by 1950 he was in demand as a lecturer. He was particularly sought after as a speaker on English and American Literature. The Perà ³n regime kept an eye on him, sending a police informer to many of his lectures. His family was harassed as well. All in all, he managed to keep a low enough profile during the Perà ³n years to avoid any trouble with the government. International Fame: By the 1960s, readers around the world had discovered Borges, whose works were translated into several different languages. In 1961 he was invited to the United States and spent several months giving lectures in different venues. He returned to Europe in 1963 and saw some old childhood friends. In Argentina, he was awarded his dream job: director of the National Library. Unfortunately, his eyesight was failing, and he had to have others read books aloud to him. He continued to write and publish poems, short stories, and essays. He also collaborated on projects with his close friend, the writer Adolfo Bioy Casares. Jorge Luis Borges in the 1970’s and 1980’s: Borges continued to publish books well into the 1970’s. He stepped down as director of the National Library when Perà ³n returned to power in 1973. He initially supported the military junta that seized power in 1976 but soon grew disenchanted with them and by 1980 he was openly speaking out against the disappearances. His international stature and fame assured that he would not be a target like so many of his countrymen. Some felt that he did not do enough with his influence to stop the atrocities of the Dirty War. In 1985 he moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he died in 1986. Personal Life: In 1967 Borges married Elsa Astete Milln, an old friend, but it did not last. He spent most of his adult life living with his mother, who died in 1975 at the age of 99. In 1986 he married his longtime assistant Maria Kodama. She was in her early 40’s and had earned a doctorate in literature, and the two had traveled together extensively in previous years. The marriage lasted only a couple of months before Borges passed away. He had no children. His Literature: Borges wrote volumes of stories, essays, and poems, although it is the short stories that brought him the most international fame. He is considered a groundbreaking writer, paving the way for the innovative Latin American literary boom of the mid-to-late 20th century. Major literary figures such as Carlos Fuentes and Julio Cortzar admit that Borges was a great source of inspiration for them. He was also a great source for interesting quotes. Those unfamiliar with Borges works may find them a little difficult at first, as his language tends to be dense. His stories are easy to find in English, either in books or on the internet. Here is a short reading list of some of his more accessible stories: Death and the Compass: A brilliant detective matches wits with a cunning criminal in one of Argentinas best-loved detective stories.The Secret Miracle: A Jewish playwright sentenced to death by the Nazis asks for and receives a miracle...or does he?The Dead Man: Argentine gauchos mete out their particular brand of justice to one of their own.

Money laundering in HongKong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money laundering in HongKong - Essay Example Arrangement is the store of funds in financial organizations or the transformation of money into a negotiable tool. Layering includes the wire exchange of funds through a progression of accounts through the monetary framework in attempt to conceal the genuine sources of the fund. Integration is the step to mix legitimate acquired criminal proceeds into a legitimate world. Legally, money laundering refers only to the proceeds of specific crimes, the list of which varies across countries but which has gradually been extended in most parts of the world to all crimes capable of being sentenced to a year or more imprisonment (Levi 533) Since the end of the cold world war, much attention and resource of western countries have shifted to protect domestic security by attacking drug connected and organized crimes. Targeting criminal finance was regarded as an innovative initiative and strategy to achieve better anti-crime effects. Uncovering, tracing, freezing and confiscating criminal proceeds have been focused, which require the criminal justice system to criminalize and combat criminals managing their finance process, which is known as money laundering. The first time that the emergence of money laundering addressed was in the U.S in the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, which demanded that insured depository institutions maintain records and report transactions. The aim was to prevent banks from being used to hide money derived from criminal activity and tax evasion. A few days after the events of 2001 September 11, a war against terrorist has been in effect on different fronts including a direct ambush on money launderin g. In his speech of 13 days after the attack, President Bush indicated his determination to prosecute money launderers, especially those connected to terrorist funds and those who do not report their suspicions of laundering to the police. A clear message was sent to banks and different monetary establishments that

HRM Assignment this is a Business degree Report

HRM this is a Business degree Report - Assignment Example This is what had happened to Bolton Wonderers wherein one of their female nutritionist had claimed for an equal pay. The main thrust of this paper is to provide the management team with advices in relation to legal and procedural issues to the claim of their female employee that she is paid substantially less than her male counterparts. Legal and Procedural Issues There is discrimination in the workplace if there is hostility toward an individual based on sex, age, religion, race and even disability (Hoffman, 1999). Legal training program in every organization is mandated by the Federal and state law to avoid any sex biases. The group of women is heavily regulated with so many legislations for them to be protected from discrimination particularly in the workplace. The study of Lockwood (2006) cited that some organizations nowadays are considering woman as one of the talented pools of becoming future employees. In fact, it is suggested that women are capable even in high level special ty careers. Although it’s difficult for them to achieve an equal footing with men in the workplace, the total of women workers is increasing. They are now considered as one of the great contributors in this change in demographics and economic factors. In almost all countries, provisions and legislation with regard to the employment of women are significantly considered because these could only paved the way to equal opportunities in employment. The European Economic Community (EEC) had constructed principles that women are entitled to receive equal pay with his male counterparts, provided that they are doing equal work. â€Å"In 1975, the Council of the European Communities issued the Equal Pay Directive (75/117) which states that all discrimination on the ground of sex in respect of pay should be eliminated† (Littlejohn, 1994). The issuance of the directive obliged members to completely comply with the legislation. It is stated in the regulation that all establishment s should give a woman an equal pay with man if they are doing like work, work rated as equivalent, and work of equal value to that of the man. In addition, it has been specified in the legal procedure revised by the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) that an â€Å"employer can only pay a man more than a woman for doing equal work if there is a genuine and material reason for doing so which is not related to sex† (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2003, p.2). A sex discrimination in pay would exist if the employer’s reason is based on higher market value wherein it would regard the job as for male only. In the case of the female nutritionist, she claimed that she has grounds for an equal pay claim over his male counterparts who are the physiotherapists and the coaches. The claim could be considered by the management team considering that it is stated in the law that work of equal value would entitle the women to claim for an equal pay. The Legal Procedure Filing a sex discrimination in pay is a complicated process, and so the law provides a legal procedure for individual who wants to file a suit against their employers for an equal pay claim. If the female nutritionist would take a claim for equal pay with his male counterparts, then the issue should be first introduced to the management team of Bolton Wanderers being her employer. The issue should be first settled between the employee and the employer by applying the company’

The Debate On Pornography Media Essay

The Debate On Pornography Media Essay The circumstances surrounding the debate on pornography cross ethical, social, religious, psychological, and cultural boundaries. It is argued that pornography decreases the desire and appeal for long-term traditional relationships. Judaism requires women to dress modestly while the ancient Hindu text, the Kama Sutra, depicts sexual behavior in ways considered today to be porn. Feminists argue that it is a violent exploitation of women and promotes chauvinism, and that it leads to abusive relationships and makes men more likely to rape women. This essay will discuss possible answers to the posed question by illustrating the arguments for and against pornography. Pornography is often defined pejoratively: words like violent, degrading, and humiliating may be used with no acknowledgement that such descriptions are subjective and contextually relative (Ciclitira 286). A common view is that pornography is degrading to women. This statement is an opinion. Ones perception of pornographys depiction of sex is related to their own sexual experiences and their views on sex. Some women might say that porn is degrading if their own sexual experiences have left them feeling objectified or used or if they have been sexually assaulted. In this case, the idea of sex itself might be the issue and therefore the depiction of sex might remind that woman of her own negative experiences. Other women who have had positive sexual experiences and frequently enjoy sex might be excited by porn and see the depiction of sex as a reminder of their own positive and satisfying experiences. Not all pornography portrays females as being passive participants or simple sex objects. In many cases, the woman is not just giving pleasure, she is receiving it. The presentation of women enjoying sex and orgasming shows sex to be natural, healthy, and pleasurable not something to be ashamed of. Pornography can depict sex as something romantic and emotional or as an act between adults who love each other. The view that pornography is degrading to women disregards the views of women who create porn whether by writing it, producing it, or acting in it. It also disregards the pornography that illustrates a womans perspective of sex and porn that is aimed at female audiences. Many women willingly participate in the production of pornography whether for mass distribution or for private viewing. Many women also enjoy watching pornography alone or with their partner(s). Pornography is harmful to relationships is another view. The Flood article (393-394) states, US studies find that a consistent minority of female partners of male regular pornography users find it damaging both for their relationships and themselves. They see their male partners pornography use as a kind of infidelity, feel betrayal and loss, feel less desirable, and describe other negative effects on their relationships, sex lives and themselves (Bridges et al., 2003). First, this is a minority of females and the article does not state how low that minority is. The minority could be 10% of Latino or 3% of Caucasian females. A perception of porn use harming a relationship may point to fundamental flaws in the relationship that are only made more visible through porn use but do not exist because of the porn use. For example, the woman might believe her sex life is floundering because her partner is using porn rather than her to satisfy his sexual needs, but the man might be using porn because he is dissatisfied with the woman or disinterested in her. In this case, it is not the porn that is harming the relationship; it is the lack of communication between the partners: the man isnt open about his dissatisfaction so the woman sees the porn as causing the mans disinterest in her rather than being a result of the disinterest. On the other hand, the man may be interested and sexually attracted to the woman, but pornography offers a form of arousal that cannot be found elsewhere. A relationship could be sexually vibrant but the introduction of pornography may illicit unique sensations that overwhelms the male and makes the woman feel less valuable. Pornography may benefit relationships, as sex can be a very important aspect of a relationship establishing and maintaining closeness, giving each other pleasure, satisfying each others sexual desires, expressing affection, etc. A couple (married or dating) might watch porn in order to get aroused prior to engaging in intercourse. But one may argue why a healthy couple would need to watch something to illicit arousal. Pornography can be used to spice things up for the couple giving them ideas of new positions to try or inspiring role-playing scenarios. The statement that porn harms relationships is too broad. The information available on the harmful effects of pornography on relationships seems to be focused on heterosexual relationships while ignoring homosexual relationships. Another view is that pornography makes men more likely to rape women. The Flood article (393) talks about studies that show a correlation between teenage boys frequency of consumption of porn and their agreement with the idea that it is acceptable to hold down and force a girl to have sex. However, the ability of parents to block their children who are minors from viewing porn on the internet or TV while at home may diminish the frequency of porn. Even though minors can acquire pornography from outside the home (from friends, on a different computer, etc), if adults teach children starting from a young age about sex, its need to be consensual, its consequences, and the importance of respecting women and people in general, then young boys attitudes toward sex and females may very well be unaffected by pornography. Nevertheless, even if all young boys were taught in this way, they would not all absorb the important lesson. Other factors such as peer or media influences play large roles in young boys attitudes towards sex and the treatment of women and those would need to be controlled as well. Flood (392) also states that men who frequently use violent or rape porn are more likely to report that they would rape a woman if they could get away with it. This does not necessarily mean that the porn is planting the desire to rape a woman. Perhaps the man who would rape a woman watches the porn in order to see a fantasy that he cannot realize. In this case might the porn be somewhat satisfying the mans desire to rape and preventing him from doing so in reality. However, violent porn can give violent or sexual offenders venues to act out their fantasies. The watchers of violent porn may gain inspiration to go and act out their fantasies on innocent women. Flood cites Malamuths writing that men at high risk for sexual aggression are more likely aroused by it and more likely influenced by it (392). But what percentage of men are at high risk for sexual aggression? Does the predisposition to sexual aggression guarantee that the man will rape or assault a woman ONLY if he watches porn? Or does watching porn create sexual aggression and violent feelings towards women? This view is also strewn forth in the media. Barongan and Hall conducted a study where males listened to neutral or misogynous rap music before viewing sexually violent and neutral vignettes (196). They would then choose a vignette to show to a female. Their reasoning for the study is that misogynous messages appear in the media and they can contribute to negative attitudes or behaviors towards women. And pornography has been defined, by some, as sexually explicit materials that can evoke sexually abusive and degrading treatment of women. Some men may believe that their own sexual aggression against women is justified because it is seen or heard in the media, and if so, their actions are not wrong because they are common. The study showed that of males that listened to misogynous rap music 30% showed the violent vignette to their female. Surprisingly only 7% of the males who listened to neutral rap music showed the assaultive vignette. Viewing pornography that glorifies sexual coercion is particularly degrading and harmful. Is sexual coercion degrading to women? If you use random association with this statement, it can easily lead you to agree with the statement. Coercion is to force, compel, or persuade. If women are coerced into sex in pornography, it seems easy. Who is persuaded easily? Unintelligent people? Children? Therefore, women are stupid or as ignorant as a child for being coerced into sex. Non-normative sexual activities falling into the sexual coercion category such as BDSM (Bondage/Domination/Sadism/Masochism) are practiced by both women and men. To say that depiction of sexual coercion is degrading and harmful is to pass judgment on those people who participate in BDSM. Why shouldnt people with non-normative (but still legal) sexual desires have pornography available to them that is suited to their desires? BDSM can be viewed as strange or weird. Why not judge them for being weird? If only a small ma jority of people participate in BDSM, why are their views of sex important to the rest of the population. Sexual coercion and even rape are common themes of sexual role-play among consenting sexual partners. To depict sexual coercion in pornography is to depict a real life scenario within consensual sex. I believe that pornography has beneficial effects for some and harmful effects for others. Do I believe that pornography is degrading to women? Generally speaking, no. However, films that are violent or disturbing in nature, depicting women enjoying these acts that probably no one would enjoy taking part it, I feel is degrading to women. I think that sexually there are things that no woman would want to be involved in, and to show that some people would do so can humiliate and lessen the value of such person. Pornography that that simply depicts intimate and erotic acts, I do not think is degrading. As for pornography creating a prevalence of violence in men or having influences that compel someone to commit rape, I think it is very possible, but it is a person to person issue. I think men who through watching porn think it is okay to force intercourse upon someone will eventually think that regardless of if they have viewed porn. Some people are predisposed to being violent towards women in many other ways than pornography, and although pornography is not the route cause, it can definitely attribute. Non-violent men who respect women and have had meaningful relationship will not have suddenly commit rape after seeing pornography. I think it could evoke thoughts or fantasies similar to acts depicted in the porn they watch, but they will not go out and rape or take a life. I do believe that pornography can damage relationships, but once again, it can have the opposite effect depending on the individuals. I have heard of problems that pornography has caused in friends relationships. I have seen it stem from the fact that women in pornography have physical attributes that are exaggerated to increase sex appeal. I understand that women can feel subpar to the women in the films because they dont look a certain way or compare to these women in societys opinion. I believe the adult entertainment industry can be a contributor to self-esteem or image problems of young women today. Moreover, self-esteem and confidence issues play a huge role in the successfulness of a relationship. On the contrary, I have heard of pornography helping relationships by adding something new to a fading love life. Pornography can spice up a love life, or ruin one. It can illicit arousal for intimacy or to commit a sexually violent crime. Pornography involves acts that are very instinctual to us and therefore can evoke strong judgment towards both ends of the spectrum. Similar to abortion or euthanasia, it is important to find middle ground, and to encourage imaginative thinking where people will not rush to say pornography destroys relationships or causes rape, but it can destroy relationships and may give someone the idea to rape.

Pretty Woman

The film Pretty Woman is a 1990 romantic comedy set in Los Angeles, California which takes place just following the 80’s era. The story of Pretty Woman centers on a Hollywood prostitute Vivian Ward who gets hired by a very wealthy businessman, (Edward Lewis), to be at his beck and call or escort for several business and social functions. During that time, they gradually begin to develop a relationship over the course of Vivian’s week-long stay in his suite. Edward then takes his lawyer’s exotic Lotus S4 Esprit and heads down Hollywood Boulevard where he took a detour to ask for directions.He has no other choice but to ask a nearby beautiful prostitute by the name of Vivian, who is willing to help him reach his point of destination. Edward hires Vivian to stay with him for an entire week as an escort for his social meetings and events. Vivian then makes a point that â€Å"it is going to cost him,† so in agreement he offers her three thousand dollars and acc ess to all his credit cards. He then tells Vivian that she needs to dress more appropriately so he sends her shopping on Rodeo Drive, only to be snubbed by saleswomen who disdain her because of her immodest clothing.Vivian runs into the hotel manager and he happily helps her buy a dress because she is with Mr. Lewis. When Vivian’s week is up, Edward tends to her and tries convincing her to stay. Vivian heads home with her friend Kit. Edward then travels to Vivian’s apartment and climbs up the fire escape, despite his fear of heights, with a rose between his teeth, to convince her. The film ends as the two of them kiss on the fire escape with a visual urban romantic metaphor being displayed.

Slavery - 1305 Words

Slavery has been in the United States early as 1619. Slaves were brought to America for one thing and one thing only, money. Tobacco took a great amount of work to harvest, but with the slaves help it all got completed. Slaves cost at least three more times than a regular servant for the reason that slavery was their life, it was their job. Regular servants finished their ‘slavery’ time in about 4 years. Slavery really got across the whole country as time passed, and in 1670 the crop, tobacco, took over the nation. In fact, slavery didn’t really come into play in the laws until the 1660s. In the early 1680s Virginia wanted to alter what a slave was, earlier defined by the House of Burgess. The Europeans saw African Americans as human†¦show more content†¦Later, with the times of the Revolution the concept of the full citizenship was born in the minds of those who fought for freedom. The first goal – the abolition of slavery - was officially ratifie d in 1863, while the second – the granting of the citizenship - was documented only five years later. In reality, the fight for the real freedom and equality had just begun. The end of Reconstruction in 1877 signified the return to the inequality and racial prejudice, making basis for the later emergence of the Civil Rights Movement that signified further notion of freedom for the African Americans. The fight for slavery abolition resulted in the emancipation of the huge portion of the American inhabitants and the change of attitude to humans that are all â€Å"born free and equal†, according to the basic principles of the U.S. Constitution. The abolition of slavery was a dream for the African Americans that were brought to the America as slaves or born into it for many generations. Slavery in the United States was forced by enormous economic challenges, backed by country official legislation and the connivance of the church. The United States were destined to realize the meaning and the price of freedom largely due to the African Americans’ active fight for their basic human and civil rights. Thousands of people were depleted of their basic freedomsShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The Slavery Of Slavery Essay2080 Words   |  9 PagesThere has been an ongoing debate on whether Christianity condoned or condemned slavery. In this essay, I will discuss how slave owners used biblical context to uphold the institution of slavery. I will begin analyzing scriptures in the bible that pertain to slavery. It is in my belief that the Bible did not condone slavery in the way that slave owners upheld slavery. I do not argue against that there were not slaves by bondage but they were not enslaved against their will but through the will ofRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On Slavery Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pages This was the period of post-slavery, early twentieth century, in southern United States where blacks were still treated by whites inhumanly and cruelly, even after the abolition laws of slavery of 1863. They were still named as ‘color’. Nothing much changed in African-American’s lives, though the laws of abolition of slavery were made, because now the slavery system became a way of life. The system was accepted as destiny. So the whites also got license to take disadvantages and started exploitingRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On Slavery999 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch and taking the Slavery footprint quiz I realized just how much my life and lifestyle depended on slavery. I, like most people, do not think about where my clothes came from or where the diamond in the engagement ring came from; subsequently, I alone depend on 43 slaves. 43 individuals somewhere in the world are being forced to work or work for little to nothing. I cried after reading about prese nt time slavery because like most people in today’s age, I believed slavery ended in President Lincoln’sRead MoreSlavery And The Slavery Of Slavery933 Words   |  4 Pages Slavery, up to this point has progressively gotten weaker. In 1787 slavery is made illegal in the northwest territory. In 1793 Eli Whitney made the cotton gin making the demand for slaves increase. In 1820 the missouri compromise was written to ban slavery in all states above the northern missouri border. In the year 1831 Preacher Nat Turner starts a rebellion that is known to be the largest slave uprising in American History. also that year William Lloyd Garrison started publishing the LiberatorRead MoreSlavery And The Slavery Of Slavery Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesto resist their masters, and the institution of slavery in a subtle or a suicidal way. The visions of freedom varied throughout time periods and regions; in 1739, you have the Stono Rebellion, people used laws to argue their cases o f injustice, such as Emanuel Pieterson and Dorothy Angola, who fought for the freedom of their child and David Walker, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacob who used literature to speak against the institution of slavery. Another aspect was that freedom had a differentRead MoreSlavery And The Abolition Of Slavery1166 Words   |  5 Pagesmain issue of controversy that contributed to the split of the Union: slavery. Lincoln explicitly expressed that slavery should be abolished for several reasons, recognizing the practice as an extreme violation of human rights and American republicanism. Despite his advocacy for abolishment, Lincoln’s politics on racial justice were still problematic. While Abraham Lincoln recognizes basic human rights, and advocates that slavery is an obvious violation of these basic principles, I argue and characterizeRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Slavery1128 Words   |  5 PagesSlavery is one of the most inhumane acts the world has ever known. African s were kidnapped and forced into slavery by Europeans; they were separated from their families and forced to work on plantations. They were placed in unbearable conditions and the prevalent racism attached onto this system fueled the mistreatment and oppression of black people for years to come. The origins of the widespread African slavery in America as we know today started in early colonial America when people needed cheapRead MoreSlavery, Racism, And Slavery Essay1779 Words   |  8 PagesSlavery began before racism in North America. To prove this I will provide an analysis of chronological events that displayed acts of slavery and racism. With that being said, Initially I will be delving into the earliest implementations of slavery in North America. That being Jamestown Virginia 1619. Secondly, analysing an extract from 1655, where an African man named Anthony Johnson claimed to own another black individual, John Casor as his property. Subsequently, moving onto Winthrop D Jord anRead MoreThe Slavery Of Slavery And Slavery944 Words   |  4 Pagescondemn slavery. The South also used religion as their argument, but instead, they used the Bible to argue that slavery was an acceptable part of life. People have questioned whether it was right or wrong of the South to use the bible to support their beliefs in slavery. Some would say that pro-slavery southerners had every right to use the Bible to support their beliefs. When Northerners began to use the Bible against slavery, southerners used this same argument to support it. Slavery was a practiceRead MoreSlavery : Slavery And Slavery901 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery in America started in 1619 when settlers brought over African Americans to Jamestown, Virginia. The slaves came to Jamestown to work on the tobacco plantations. The slaves were also sent to other colonies such as South Carolina to work on the cotton plantations. Slaves were people who worked for no pay. This caused the land owners to make more profit from their plantations because they didn’t have to pay their workers. Southern slave owners, specifically in South Carolina, relied on slavery

Bridging The Theory To Practice Gap - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3189 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Dissertation/Project Overall Aims and Objectives The globalisation of markets have led to increased opportunities for Domestic Companies (DCs) to flourish into Multi-National Companies (MNCs) and to penetrate new economies thus expanding their operations into foreign markets. Albeit, there are significant benefits associated with this, there are also a number of inherent risks which are associated with such business enterprises. The author seeks to demonstrate that political risk is often misunderstood and therefore ineffectively managed and incorporated into a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Business Strategy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bridging The Theory To Practice Gap" essay for you Create order Consequently, companies are at risk as a result of this when they venture into Foreign Direct Investment (FDI.) Within the international business arena much reference is made to country risk to signify the risk of operating in foreign economies. Country risk and political risk are frequently used interchangeably however Clark and Marois (1996) assert that the former term is unrepresentative of the true extent of political risks (Clark and Marois, 1996.) The author will make reference to these cross-border risks as political risks and examine the background literature on how the management of political risk potentially has a place within a Corporate Risk Management framework, and how DCs classify, manage and analyse these political risks, in the context of a survey of the actual political risk management issues and practices which they currently face. Within the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s short proposal it was noted that the main theme of the dissertation sought to explore the political risks which are inherent in all foreign markets and which pose major risks for Foreign Direct Investors (FDIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s.) This dissertation proposal expands upon the former with the author seeking to examine whether businesses that enter foreign countries incorporate these risks in their Business Strategy to enable them to mitigate the risk(s) and therefore, making FDI a more feasible and profitable strategy. Within the literature review, the author will examine current literature on the perception of risk, with particular emphasis on political risk, and the universal approaches that DCs adopt in their business strategy towards the management of political risk. This will enable the author to provide a focus on the research proposal and develop the research question. In the methodology section, the author will demonstrate the various techniques that will be applied to this proposal, in addition to the data collection and analysis; the data analysis will provide the author with the answers to the research question. The author has a firm interest in this field of research and the decision to focus upon risk, for this dissertation proposal, arises from a number of reasons. Firstly, the author has prior working experience in risk assessment whilst employed in the public sector and has undertaken formal training in risk assessment and analysis as well as Root Cause Analysis (RCA.) There is evidence which suggests that a number of Domestic Companies have a great deal of potential to expand and make their presence felt within the global arena however, what does appear apparent is that the recognition and understanding of political risk per se, within DCs, is not evident thus, this limits the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s potential, and can lead to its demise. Moreover, the author seeks a future career in management consulting/business solutions, with a main focus on risk analysis and management. Theoretical Framework Political risk, when managed effectively, provides a firm strategy for companies to safeguard their investments, whether domestic or foreign, and to take advantage of new opportunities; consequently this will improve business performance, globally. However, this requires companies to fully integrate political risk management into a systematic process which is entrenched in their business strategy. When it comes to improving global business performance, Price, Waterhouse Cooper (2010) describes, in their recent study, that managing political risk helps in two fundamental ways. First, it protects new and existing global investments and operations by helping management anticipate the business risk implications of political change or instability. Prepared and aware, management is more likely to be able to exit markets that are in danger of growing too unstable. Where short-term instability does not dampen the appetite to pursue long-term opportunity, companies can implement risk mitigation and operational oversight to control against shocks. Second, for a company constantly on the lookout for new opportunities and wishing to expand in the global market, monitoring political risk within target regions or foreign economies is beneficial for companies as this will enable them to potentially gain a competitive advantage (Price, Waterhouse Cooper, 2010.) In defining political risk, a number of studies, particularly that of Jarvis, (2009) demonstrate that this is an indefinable task when approached as a deductive typological exercise, because its genealogy is discursive, its epistemology situated between disciplines rather than within a singular discipline, and because the generative agents of political risk are heterogeneous (Jarvis, 2009). The major theories that relate to political risk sit within political science, development studies, international relations, international business, economics, and economic geography. Jarvis further asserts that political risk might be more austerely applied as a social science method for understanding political events and their effects upon commercial and strategic activities (Jarvis, 2009). Literature Review Research into the field of political risk is not new; the author seeks to explore the current themes on the management of political risk and examines previous research which, over the past thirty years, has identified a number of factors relating to foreign investment; this also includes the politico-economic factors, and Brink (2004) asserts these as having an influence the level of FDI; political risk is one of them, especially in emerging economies and developing countries (Brink, 2004.) Political risk has engaged many attempts at a conservative definition. Dickson (1989) provides a more generalised definition as being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the identification, analysis and economic control of those risks which can threaten the assets or earning capacity of an enterprise (Dickson, 1989.) However, there are a number of attempts to provide a more all-encompassing agreement. Hood and Nawaz (2004) assert that a further complication in the definition of political risk is that most approaches a re predicated on the notion that such risk is invariably negative and that such approaches fail to recognise that political developments can have a positive effect (Hood and Nawaz, 2004.) This is echoed by Butler and Joaquin (1998) who conclude that companies should take into account the positive features of political risk especially in the context of FDI. An exploratory study undertaken by Hood and Nawaz (2004) examined the context of political risk and its management within MNCs by designated Corporate Risk Managers or by specialists external to the company. Hood and Nawaz demonstrated generalisations could not be made about the approach and management of political risk by MNCs. However, the study did reveal some interesting insights into an under-researched area, and which would benefit from further research. Albeit this research study was undertaken six years ago, at that time, the researchers left an open gap in the research field, which the author, from his own preliminary research, has been unable to attest whether this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"theory to practice gapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has been filled. The author believes that imperative to a globalised economy and consequently, the level of FDI which is taking place from DCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, the responsibility for the management of political risk, in the DC, is an area which remains ove rlooked. Hood and Nawaz concluded that, whilst larger-scale research is needed, their findings echoed those of Burmester (2000) and Levinsohn (2000) and their criticisms of the political risk management strategies and systems of MNCs, and that those companies which have embraced corporate, business, and enterprise risk management have found it difficult to incorporate political risk into their operation (Hood and Nawaz 2004: Burmester, 2000: Levinsohn, 2000.) The author has found that most of the existing research into political risk focuses on the paradigm of political risk, in the context of globalisation in international business. Through the literature review, the author has investigated many however, five distinct research studies, each of which falls under the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"political riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ umbrella have been particularly relevant to the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research subject. The first study review was an empirical research into political risk as a parallel to economic risk and that both factors should be considered prior to any FDI. The assumptions drawn from this empirical research demonstrated that the measurement of political risk, per se, produced quantitative data only and that this data, was unreliable as pure causative factors measuring political risk. The study failed to include qualitative data based on the economic factors but concluded that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“further research needs to be undertaken.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Other research studies have focused on trend analyses of FDI; here the researchers examined the factors which influenced the flows in FDI, and concluded that both aspects of macro-economic and firm strategy factors should be combined in order to explain the changing trends of FDI flows. This empirical research produced a significant amount of statistical information (quantitative data.) (Sethi, Guisinger; Phelan and Berg, 2003.) Thirdly, a study on country corruption, as a sub-system of political risk was undertaken; this study examined the impact country corruption has upon the fluctuating levels of FDI, for example, the higher the level of FDI, the higher the incidence of corruption in that country. Country-risk analysis was undertaken and measured this using the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI.) The information was extrapolated from data sets and hence, produced quantitative data (Robertson and Watson, 2004.) Another research study, undertaken by Khattab, Anchor and Davies (2007) examined political risk and the effect this has on international projects. Here, the researchers conclude that future research might use a multi-method of data collection since validity is raised as a quality data issue with regard to the use of quantitative methods (Khattab et al, 2007.) Whilst the researchers, here, did not explicitly examine the role responsibility for managing political risk in MNCs, they concluded that it was important to; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“not only describe, but also to understand, the managerial perceptions of political risk within the firm-specific business strategy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Khattab, Anchor and Davies, 2007.) Further research has been undertaken into political risk assessment and management and its connection with globalisation. Howell (1998) supports this and asserts that political risk needs to be measured as early in the investment and development process as is possible (Howell, 1998.) For DCs, this would appear relatively straightforward however, what is evident is that there is a gap in this research field and the questions which need to be addressed relates to whom manages political risk in the DC and is there a clear understanding of what are the main factors of political risks facing DCs which ultimately affects FDI? Shapiro (1996) identifies them as: expropriation; currency and trade controls; changes in tax and labour laws; regulatory restrictions; and the requirements for additional local production (Shapiro, 1996.) However, it remains unclear whether Shapiroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inclusions are definitive. There are a number of scholarly arguments which infer that political risk analysis is not undertaken effectively and this is supported by Burmester (2000) who asserts that no academic discussion of political risk is complete without a complaint about the generally low standard of political risk analysis undertaken by domestic and international business firms (Burmester, 2000.) The author believes that there is sufficient existing evidence and primary data, to support a larger-scale research to be undertaken, in this under-researched area. Research Methodology, Data Collection and Analysis It is not the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention to replicate research already undertaken; for the methodology approach to the research area, the research will be a descriptive study since the author seeks answers to the questions: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"who, what, where, when and how.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The author will access secondary data to form a bridge between where the previous researchers left off i.e. bridge the gap. Indeed, the author will explore the concepts relating to political risk but merely as a demonstration of breadth and depth of knowledge in the research subject. The author will use primary data through the design of the survey questionnaire; and proposes a mix of questions from which qualitative and quantitative data can be extrapolated and ultimately analysed. The author will primarily use secondary data from the various studies and literature available. Secondary data is an important component of research and relates to the collection and processing of data by other r esearch studies rather than the primary sources from the researcher. Secondary data has many benefits but also limitations. Secondary data is time saving for the researcher and does not involve new data collection; secondary data provides a larger  database  as opposed to primary data and if existing data is available then researchers should take advantage of this thus preventing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reinventing the wheel.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Secondary data allows the researcher to explore research questions and formulate hypotheses to test. However, the limitations associated with secondary data are that reliability is not guaranteed; data may be outdated and may not have been collected long enough to enable the researcher to detect trends. Furthermore, neither does it permit progression of formulating research questions to designing methods for answering the research question. Moreover, the secondary researcher is disengaged from observational studies and developing concepts . The author will draw conclusions which infer that much of the research into the measurement of political risk lends itself to being more quantitative than qualitative in nature, as previous research into this area, establishes that purely quantitative data raises a degree of uncertainty and the impact this subsequently has upon political risk management in the DCs. Furthermore, the author will explore alternative ways in which political risk can be measured à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" those differing to the traditional models of risk measurement for example, country-risk i.e., purely quantitative. The backbone of the research will be an empirical study whereby the author will undertake a survey of a number of DCs, chosen randomly, and which are representative of the wide-ranging, larger domestic companies, in the UK. The author recognises that potentially there could be barriers to entry into individual companies however, the author proposes to make explicit that all responses will be held in confidence and that companies will not be identified by name, only by the industry sector in which it operates. Data Collection and Analysis The author proposes that that the dissertation will encompass the concepts of a combination of deductive and inductive theory, given that this is a combination of quantitative and qualitative data. Deductive theory is usually associated with quantitative methods whilst inductive theory is associated with qualitative methods. The author is aware that, traditionally, research is one or the other however, there is a spectrum of research which encompasses both methods and that each crosses these traditional demarcations. Burney (2008) simplifies these concepts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" deductive theory has the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"waterfallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"top downà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ effect whereby the researcher follows the theory, through to hypothesis; observation and confirmation; this is more specific and conclusions are drawn from available facts. Conversely, inductive theory, as simplified by Burney, is informally called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bottom upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ effect where the researcher begins with observation, through to pattern; a tentative hypothesis and theory. Burney also refers to this as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hill climbingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and that inductive theory is based upon broad generalisations and involves a degree of uncertainty. The secondary data used for this dissertation proposal will be sourced from the Economist Intelligence Unit (at https://www.eiu.com/) and Transparency International (at https://www.transparency.org/). These provide a substantial amount of information and intelligence on political risk in a particular country/region. This will enable the author to correlate the major countries where risk is high. Further data will be obtained from the Organisation for Economic and Co-operative Development (OECD) (at https://www.oecd.org/home/) risk rating agencies, such as the Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BERI) (at https://www.beri.com/), the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), the Multiagency Investment Guarant ee Agency (MIGA) (at https://www.miga.org/) and the World Bank, and substantial literature reviews and studies. Primary data will be collated from a survey questionnaire which will be sent to a random sample of UK companies. This will enable the author to analyse responses given which will determine who, at what level, and how political risk is analysed; the level of understanding of political risk and whether this is integrated into the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business strategy. Essentially, this will determine the theory to practice gap à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" what many companies say they do, and whether this is this put into practice. Many of the information sources for identifying political risk also provide information on its measurement. Fundamentally, most sources have illustrated a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques for example, expected utility forecasting (de Mesquita et al, 1985) in order to provide a single rating value. Comprehensive reviews of such measurement techniques can be found in Erb et al (1996), Butler and Joaquin (1998) and Monti-Belkaoui and Riahi-Belkaoui (1998.) However, much of the literature does not demonstrate how companies integrate this information into their risk management strategy. Considering Burmesterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s criticisms of the quality of political risk analysis by companies, it could be argued that the extremely quantitative nature of much of the risk measurement information is ambiguous. Consequently, this level of ambiguity can have a significant impact on risk management; however, there are a number of techniques which companies do employ to miti gate the impact of negative political risk (Shapiro, 1999) and the author will provide an overview of these to correlate results in total. Data will be obtained from DCs represented by the standard industrial classification, across a broad range of businesses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these will include the following sectors: finance/banking; IT services; communications and media; retail; utilities and transport. The purpose behind this is to establish perceptions of political risk across a range of business sectors. There are no ethical issues which will need to be considered. Hypotheses and Research Questions The author proposes the following hypotheses and related research questions. These are coded as follows: Hypotheses, H0 , Research Question, R0 .) H01: There is a level of ambiguity regarding the importance of political risk. R01: How important is political risk? R02: What are the different types of political risk? R03: Is there sufficient knowledge, training and guidance on political risk to adequately match the extent of the environment? H02: Companies do not integrate political risk into their business strategy. R01: Who is responsible for managing political risk? R02: Are political risk strategies and techniques appropriately formulated? R03: Are political risk management strategies and techniques flexible enough to cope with a rapidly changing environment? H03: Companies are not able to react and anticipate problems associated with political risk. R01: What mechanisms are available for anticipating potential political risk problems? From the research questions, the author will determine whether the hypotheses are accepted or rejected. It may be necessary for the author to perform data triangulation in order to validate the research, and potentially develop alternative interpretations of the research data, especially since this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Dissertation Timescale The author will conduct his research from June 2010 to September 2010. For the purposes of this dissertation proposal, the author is not required to produce a time-line, as advised by the Universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s module lecturer. It is expected that the author will communicate and check-in with his allocated tutor on a regular basis. This will primarily be via email, since the author intends relocating to Spain in July 2010. However, arrangements can be made for the author and personal tutor to have one-to-one meetings, as required.